a Mexican physician and philosopher oriented to French positivism. After participating in the U.S.-Mexican War defending his country as a volunteer, he studied medicine in Paris (1847–1851). There he became acquainted with Auguste Comte's doctrine of positivism, before his first publications in philosophy. Upon returning to Mexico City, he introduced the positivistic school, and taught in Guanajuato (1863–67) until the fall of the Maximilian empire.
