a French satirical poet and translator. known as "the unvarnished Poet", born in Lyon and died in Baillon. He is known for his satires against Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, Houdar La Motte, Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux, Bossuet, more

a French satirical poet and translator. known as "the unvarnished Poet", born in Lyon and died in Baillon. He is known for his satires against Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, Houdar La Motte, Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux, Bossuet, Voltaire and many others.

an Italian Neolatin and Italian writer from Florence. n 1628 he published a volume of Latin Poemata. Between 1636 and 1637 he published several works in Italian and Latin, including Elogia, Adlocutiones, and some short historical essays and poems. In two folios in 1648 and 1649 Gaddi published his most ambitious work, De Scriptoribus non-Ecclesiasticis, Grae...

an Italian Neolatin and Italian writer from Florence. n 1628 he published a volume of Latin Poemata. Between 1636 and 1637 he published several works in Italian and Latin, including Elogia, Adlocutiones, and some short historical essays and poems. In two folios in 1648 and 1649 Gaddi published his most ambitious work, De Scriptoribus non-Ecclesiasticis, Graecis, Latinis, Italicis.

an English clergyman. As a Spanish Dominican he served as professor of rhetoric in the convent of Jerez, and then volunteered in 1625 for the mission to the Philippines. He spent two or three years in the priory in Guatemala City, where he seems to have liked the opportunity for study but began to have religious doubts and was led to ask to return to England...

an English clergyman. As a Spanish Dominican he served as professor of rhetoric in the convent of Jerez, and then volunteered in 1625 for the mission to the Philippines. He spent two or three years in the priory in Guatemala City, where he seems to have liked the opportunity for study but began to have religious doubts and was led to ask to return to England. The Dominican authorities refused, on the grounds that missionaries had to remain in the Americas for ten years. Further embittered, he decided to accompany friar Francisco Moran into new territories of Guatemala to learn the language and ways of the Amerinds. Gage then set about exploiting his life's experience, and published a book, The English-American his Travails by Sea and Land in 1648, which was as much a political pamphlet and an adventurer's prospectus as a traveller's tale.

an English jurist, now known for his Latin dramas. His works were produced at the University of Oxford, from 1582 to 1592. He was considered one of the major dramatists of the late sixteenth century. Apart from one comedy, Rivales, which has not survived, his works were all Latin tragedies. They include Meleager (1582), Dido (1583) and Ulysses Redux (1592)....

an English jurist, now known for his Latin dramas. His works were produced at the University of Oxford, from 1582 to 1592. He was considered one of the major dramatists of the late sixteenth century. Apart from one comedy, Rivales, which has not survived, his works were all Latin tragedies. They include Meleager (1582), Dido (1583) and Ulysses Redux (1592). He stayed closer to the model of Senecan tragedy than other contemporaries, and adapted Seneca's Hippolytus in 1592, with the addition of scenes. He was also a neo-Latin poet.

a French poet, essayist, lawyer, politician, inventor, and eccentric whose best known poem, The Woman-Messiah, is among the longest poems in French, or any language. The poem is 25,000 verses (60 acts and 12 songs) and is notable for its 24th act entitled Bestiologie which enumerates the advantages that a citizen of Paris would have by marrying the animals o...

a French poet, essayist, lawyer, politician, inventor, and eccentric whose best known poem, The Woman-Messiah, is among the longest poems in French, or any language. The poem is 25,000 verses (60 acts and 12 songs) and is notable for its 24th act entitled Bestiologie which enumerates the advantages that a citizen of Paris would have by marrying the animals of the Jardin des Plantes. He is also notable for proposing "Anthropophagy" at a public meeting and offering himself as food to starving Algerians.

the first schoolmaster of the Mayfield Charity School in Mayfield, East Sussex, now the Mayfield Church of England Primary School, serving from 1750 until 1771. Gale's diaries, which have been used by a number of historians to describe the nature of the English countryside, English schooling and even the social status of tobacco smoking, describe the life of...

the first schoolmaster of the Mayfield Charity School in Mayfield, East Sussex, now the Mayfield Church of England Primary School, serving from 1750 until 1771. Gale's diaries, which have been used by a number of historians to describe the nature of the English countryside, English schooling and even the social status of tobacco smoking, describe the life of an educated man spending his time drinking, smoking, attending church and reading books. It also describes odd bits of labour engaged in by Gale, including marking fabrics (quilts, and at one point a waistcoat) and agreeing to paint an illustration of the Ten Commandments at a church for two guineas.

a nineteenth-century German novelist and social critic. She spent her childhood in Darmstadt and lived from 1830 to 1831 in the Schenkendorfstraße in Mannheim, where she learned English, French and Italian and received singing lessons. With her mother, Louise von Gall made several trips to Vienna, where she published the first works under the pen name "Loui...

a nineteenth-century German novelist and social critic. She spent her childhood in Darmstadt and lived from 1830 to 1831 in the Schenkendorfstraße in Mannheim, where she learned English, French and Italian and received singing lessons. With her mother, Louise von Gall made several trips to Vienna, where she published the first works under the pen name "Louis Leo".

a Spanish priest and poet. He was born in Zamora, Spain and died in Madrid. He received his training at Salamanca; entering into Holy orders, he soon went to Madrid, where he was given a post in the royal palace, being made director of the royal pages. His feelings as a patriot and his love for pseudo-classicism led him to associate himself with the coterie ...

a Spanish priest and poet. He was born in Zamora, Spain and died in Madrid. He received his training at Salamanca; entering into Holy orders, he soon went to Madrid, where he was given a post in the royal palace, being made director of the royal pages. His feelings as a patriot and his love for pseudo-classicism led him to associate himself with the coterie about the poet Manuel José Quintana, and to imitate the latter's metres. It is by virtue of only seven odes and elegies that Gallego is known. Of these the first was the ode, A la defensa de Buenos Ayres (1807), directed against the British invasions of the Río de la Plata. Another was his elegy on the death of the Duchess of Frias.

a French scholar and abbé. Gallois was co-founder with Denis de Sallo of the Journal des sçavans, and directed its publication from 1666 to 1674. Readers of the Journal found Sallo outrageously lacking in respectfulness, while also complaining of review articles by Gallois as no more than bland compilations. His Breviarium Colbertinum was published ...

a French scholar and abbé. Gallois was co-founder with Denis de Sallo of the Journal des sçavans, and directed its publication from 1666 to 1674. Readers of the Journal found Sallo outrageously lacking in respectfulness, while also complaining of review articles by Gallois as no more than bland compilations. His Breviarium Colbertinum was published in 1679.

an English divine and classical scholar. Lord-chancellor King appointed him his domestic chaplain in 1725, and preferred him to a prebend in the church of Gloucester, 15 May 1728, and to another in the church of Norwich in 1731. He also presented him to the rectory of Ashney or Ashton, Northamptonshire, in 1730, and to that of St. Giles-in-the-Fields in 1732...

an English divine and classical scholar. Lord-chancellor King appointed him his domestic chaplain in 1725, and preferred him to a prebend in the church of Gloucester, 15 May 1728, and to another in the church of Norwich in 1731. He also presented him to the rectory of Ashney or Ashton, Northamptonshire, in 1730, and to that of St. Giles-in-the-Fields in 1732. Gally now resigned the rectory of Wavendon, in which he was succeeded by his father. The king made him one of his chaplains in ordinary in October 1735. He published many sermons and pamphlets.

a Scottish novelist, entrepreneur, and political and social commentator. Because he was the first novelist to deal with issues of the Industrial Revolution, he has been called the first political novelist in the English language. He was the founder of the city of Guelph in Canada. Galt's novels are best known for their depiction of Scottish rural life, tinge...

a Scottish novelist, entrepreneur, and political and social commentator. Because he was the first novelist to deal with issues of the Industrial Revolution, he has been called the first political novelist in the English language. He was the founder of the city of Guelph in Canada. Galt's novels are best known for their depiction of Scottish rural life, tinged with ironic humour.

a Spanish explorer, author, historian, astronomer, and scientist. His birthplace is not certain and may have been Pontevedra, in Galicia. In Lima he was accused by the Inquisition of possessing two magic rings and some magic ink and of following the precepts of Moses. In 1572 he was commissioned by Francisco de Toledo, the fifth Viceroy of Peru, to write a h...

a Spanish explorer, author, historian, astronomer, and scientist. His birthplace is not certain and may have been Pontevedra, in Galicia. In Lima he was accused by the Inquisition of possessing two magic rings and some magic ink and of following the precepts of Moses. In 1572 he was commissioned by Francisco de Toledo, the fifth Viceroy of Peru, to write a history of the Incas. Explored the Solomon Islands.

a Chinese scholar and editor. In 1791, together with his partner Cheng Weiyuan, he "recovered" the last forty chapters of Cao Xueqin's monumental novel Dream of the Red Chamber (sometimes called The Story of the Stone). The nature and extent of his contributions to the work and the sources of his material are a matter of controversy, but it is believed by a ...

a Chinese scholar and editor. In 1791, together with his partner Cheng Weiyuan, he "recovered" the last forty chapters of Cao Xueqin's monumental novel Dream of the Red Chamber (sometimes called The Story of the Stone). The nature and extent of his contributions to the work and the sources of his material are a matter of controversy, but it is believed by a large number of modern orthodox Redologists that the last forty chapters were not written by Cao Xueqin. He also edited the first eighty chapters together with Cheng.

a British academic and Anglican cleric who became the Archdeacon of Chichester. He was a Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. He was an Evangelical and an opponent of the Oxford Movement. He was the anti-Tractarian candidate in the election of the Professor of Poetry in 1841/2. The 'Oxford Movement' candidate to replace John Keble in that position was Isaac ...

a British academic and Anglican cleric who became the Archdeacon of Chichester. He was a Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. He was an Evangelical and an opponent of the Oxford Movement. He was the anti-Tractarian candidate in the election of the Professor of Poetry in 1841/2. The 'Oxford Movement' candidate to replace John Keble in that position was Isaac Williams. Slender as his credentials were for the post, Garbett won, in a politicised campaign run by Ashurst Turner Gilbert, Principal of Brasenose. He was appointed Archdeacon of Chichester in 1851 and served until 1879. In his book Diocesan Synods and Convocation he argued for the abolition of synods.

an English political writer. Garbrand was born at Abingdon, Berkshire. John became a commoner of New Inn Hall, Oxford, in Midsummer term 1664, and proceeded B.A. on 28 Jan. 1667. He was afterwards called to the bar at the Inner Temple. He wrote: 1. ‘The grand Inquest; or a full and perfect Answer to several Reasons by which it is pretended his Royal Highne...

an English political writer. Garbrand was born at Abingdon, Berkshire. John became a commoner of New Inn Hall, Oxford, in Midsummer term 1664, and proceeded B.A. on 28 Jan. 1667. He was afterwards called to the bar at the Inner Temple. He wrote: 1. ‘The grand Inquest; or a full and perfect Answer to several Reasons by which it is pretended his Royal Highness the Duke of York may be proved to be a Roman Catholic,’ 4to, London (1682?). 2. ‘The Royal Favourite cleared,’ &c., 4to, London, 1682. 3. ‘Clarior è Tenebris; or a Justification of two Books, the one printed under the Title of “The grand Inquest,” &c.; the other under the Title of “The Royal Favourite cleared,”’ &c., 4to, London, 1683. ‘By the writing of which books,’ says Wood, ‘and his endeavours in them to clear the Duke of York from being a papist, he lost his practice, and could get nothing by it.’

an English bishop of Lincoln. He entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1649, taking the degrees of B.A. 1652-3, M.A. 1656, and D.D. 1669. On the Restoration he obtained favour at court, became chaplain to the Duke of Monmouth, chaplain to the guards, and received the crown living of Epworth, Lincolnshire. He was an antiquary and assisted Simon Patrick, whe...

an English bishop of Lincoln. He entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1649, taking the degrees of B.A. 1652-3, M.A. 1656, and D.D. 1669. On the Restoration he obtained favour at court, became chaplain to the Duke of Monmouth, chaplain to the guards, and received the crown living of Epworth, Lincolnshire. He was an antiquary and assisted Simon Patrick, when dean of Peterborough, in deciphering and transcribing the charters and muniments of the abbey. He also published twenty sermons left in manuscript by William Outram, of which a second edition was printed in 1797.

an Anglican sub-dean of Lincoln, England, as well as a writer and translator. He translated René Rapin's Of Gardens in 1706, the frontispice of this edition shows his portrait by John Verelst in the age of 25 and dated 1704. In 1713 Gardiner published two original works, both of which went to a second edition: The Duty of Peace amongst Members of the same S...

an Anglican sub-dean of Lincoln, England, as well as a writer and translator. He translated René Rapin's Of Gardens in 1706, the frontispice of this edition shows his portrait by John Verelst in the age of 25 and dated 1704. In 1713 Gardiner published two original works, both of which went to a second edition: The Duty of Peace amongst Members of the same State. A Sermon on Rom. xiv. 19," and Practical Exposition of the Beatitudes. He also contributed to the Oxford and Cambridge Miscellany Poems in 1709.

a British schoolmistress and grammarian. Gardiner was the author of several educational texts. In 1799 she published her Young Ladies’ Grammar, an unusual grammar that used French as a model for English grammar. (for context, see History of English grammars.) In 1801 she published two accompanying volumes called English Exercises. She followed these with a...

a British schoolmistress and grammarian. Gardiner was the author of several educational texts. In 1799 she published her Young Ladies’ Grammar, an unusual grammar that used French as a model for English grammar. (for context, see History of English grammars.) In 1801 she published two accompanying volumes called English Exercises. She followed these with a travelogue entitled An Excursion from London to Dover, in Two Volumes (1806), and another grammar called An Easy French Grammar (1808).

an Irish novelist, journalist, and literary hostess. After her husband's death she supplemented her diminished income by contributing to various periodicals as well as by writing novels. She was for some years editor of The Book of Beauty and The Keepsake, popular annuals of the day. In 1834 she published her Conversations with Lord more

an Irish novelist, journalist, and literary hostess. After her husband's death she supplemented her diminished income by contributing to various periodicals as well as by writing novels. She was for some years editor of The Book of Beauty and The Keepsake, popular annuals of the day. In 1834 she published her Conversations with Lord George Gordon Byron. Her Idler in Italy (1839–1840), and Idler in France (1841) were popular for their personal gossip and anecdotes, descriptions of nature and sentiment.

an English divine. As deputy-orator to the university, some time previous to 1620, he delivered an 'eloquent oration' upon James I's gift of his own works to the library. James I, according to Wood, gave to Gardiner the reversion of the next vacant canonry at Christ Church in reward for a speech made before the king 'in the Scottish tone.' He was accordingly...

an English divine. As deputy-orator to the university, some time previous to 1620, he delivered an 'eloquent oration' upon James I's gift of his own works to the library. James I, according to Wood, gave to Gardiner the reversion of the next vacant canonry at Christ Church in reward for a speech made before the king 'in the Scottish tone.' He was accordingly installed in 1629. In 1630 he was appointed one of the chaplains in ordinary to Charles I. He continued deputy-orator, and in this capacity made the university oration to the king on his return from Edgehill. In 1647 he was examined several times before the parliamentary visitors, and deprived of his prebend. He lived obscurely at Oxford, befriending poor royalists, until the Restoration, when he was reinstated (July 1660).

the author of A Booke of Angling or Fishing. Wherein is shewed by conference with Scriptures the agreement betweene the Fishermen, Fishes, Fishing, of both natures, Temporall and Spirituall, Math. iv. 19. Printed by Thomas Purfoot, 1606. All that is known of him is that he was D.D. and chaplain to Archbishop Abbot. Only two copies of his book are kno...

the author of A Booke of Angling or Fishing. Wherein is shewed by conference with Scriptures the agreement betweene the Fishermen, Fishes, Fishing, of both natures, Temporall and Spirituall, Math. iv. 19. Printed by Thomas Purfoot, 1606. All that is known of him is that he was D.D. and chaplain to Archbishop Abbot. Only two copies of his book are known. One is in the Bodleian, the other in the Huth Library, whither it came from the library of Mr. Cotton, late ordinary of Newgate. It is dedicated to Sir H. Gaudie, Sir Miles Corbet, Sir Hammond Le-Strang, and Sir H. Spellman.

an Italian general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy. He is considered, with Camillo Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II and Giuseppe Mazzini, as one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland". Garibaldi was a central figure in the Italian Risorgimento, since he personally commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led ...

an Italian general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy. He is considered, with Camillo Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II and Giuseppe Mazzini, as one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland". Garibaldi was a central figure in the Italian Risorgimento, since he personally commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the formation of a unified Italy. Garibaldi wrote at least two novels, characterized by an anti-clerical tone; he also wrote non-fiction.

a nineteenth-century French Canadian notary, poet, civil servant and liberal who wrote a three-volume history of the French Canadian nation entitled Histoire du Canada between 1845 and 1848. Garneau was an honorary member of literary and historical societies in the United States and Canada, and for several years president of the Institut Canadien of Q...

a nineteenth-century French Canadian notary, poet, civil servant and liberal who wrote a three-volume history of the French Canadian nation entitled Histoire du Canada between 1845 and 1848. Garneau was an honorary member of literary and historical societies in the United States and Canada, and for several years president of the Institut Canadien of Quebec. He also wrote several other books, mostly on Canadian historical subjects.

a French corsair, painter and writer. He served under Robert Surcouf and Jean-Marie Dutertre, and was held prisoner by the British for eight years. At thirteen, he joined the Navy as a seaman, encouraged by his cousin, Beaulieu-Leloup, commander of the frigate F...

a French corsair, painter and writer. He served under Robert Surcouf and Jean-Marie Dutertre, and was held prisoner by the British for eight years. At thirteen, he joined the Navy as a seaman, encouraged by his cousin, Beaulieu-Leloup, commander of the frigate Forte ("the Stout one"). Garneray sailed from Rochefort to the Indian Ocean with the frigate division under Sercey, to which the Forte belonged. Garneray took part in the various campaigns of Sercey division and witnessed the hardship it met in the battle against Arrogant and Victorious. He then served on the corsair Tigre du Bengale and eventually on the frigate Atalante attached to the squadron of Linois. Garneray came to be employed by the duke of Angoulême, then Grand Admiral of France, and became his appointed painter in 1817.

an English bishop of Clogher in the Church of Ireland. In 1751 Garnett went to Ireland as chaplain to the Lord Lieutenant, Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset. In 1752 he became Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin; he was translated to Clogher in 1758, and remained bishop of Clogher until his death. The only work of Garnett, besides some occasional sermons, was hi...

an English bishop of Clogher in the Church of Ireland. In 1751 Garnett went to Ireland as chaplain to the Lord Lieutenant, Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset. In 1752 he became Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin; he was translated to Clogher in 1758, and remained bishop of Clogher until his death. The only work of Garnett, besides some occasional sermons, was his prolix Dissertation on the Book of Job (1749; second edition 1752).

an English philologist (historical linguist), author and librarian at the British Museum. Garnett was born at Otley in Yorkshire on 25 July 1789, the eldest son of a paper manufacturer, William Garnett. He was educated at Otley grammar school, and afterwards learned French and Italian from an Italian gentleman named Facio, it being intended to place him in a...

an English philologist (historical linguist), author and librarian at the British Museum. Garnett was born at Otley in Yorkshire on 25 July 1789, the eldest son of a paper manufacturer, William Garnett. He was educated at Otley grammar school, and afterwards learned French and Italian from an Italian gentleman named Facio, it being intended to place him in a mercantile house. This design was abandoned, and he remained at home, assisting his father in his manufactory, and teaching himself German, that he might be able to read a book on birds in that language.

an English churchman and botanist, Dean of Winchester from 1840 to 1872. He was educated at Hyde Abbey School and Worcester College, Oxford. He was appointed Rector of Bishopstoke, Hampshire, in 1807. Whilst Dean, he was a founding member of the Hampshire Horticultural Society in 1818 (Dean Garnier's Garden in Winchester's cathedral close is named after him)...

an English churchman and botanist, Dean of Winchester from 1840 to 1872. He was educated at Hyde Abbey School and Worcester College, Oxford. He was appointed Rector of Bishopstoke, Hampshire, in 1807. Whilst Dean, he was a founding member of the Hampshire Horticultural Society in 1818 (Dean Garnier's Garden in Winchester's cathedral close is named after him) and, in the 1860s, an 'anti-muckabite' campaigner for a sewerage system for Winchester (with the road to the town's first sewerage pumping station later being named after him). He was a friend of Palmerston and a staunch whig.

a Portuguese poet, playwright, novelist and politician. He is considered to be the introducer of the Romantic movement in Portugal. He is regarded as one of history's greatest Romanticists and a true revolutionary and humanist. In 1843, Garrett published Romanceiro e Cancioneiro Geral, a collection of folklore; two years later, he wrote the first volu...

a Portuguese poet, playwright, novelist and politician. He is considered to be the introducer of the Romantic movement in Portugal. He is regarded as one of history's greatest Romanticists and a true revolutionary and humanist. In 1843, Garrett published Romanceiro e Cancioneiro Geral, a collection of folklore; two years later, he wrote the first volume of his historical novel O Arco de Santana (fully published in 1850, it took inspiration from Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame). O Arco de Santana signified a change in Garrett's style, leading to a more complex and subjective prose with which he experimented at length in Viagens na Minha Terra (Travels in My Homeland, 1846). His innovative manner was also felt in his poem collections Flores sem Fruto (Flowers without Fruit, 1844) and Folhas Caídas (Fallen Leaves) 1853).

an English dissenting minister. At the age of fourteen or fifteen he had a vision of an "ancient form", which he took to be Jesus Christ. A dissenting minister was called in to see him, to whom he confessed his sins; the minister 'pointed him to the blood of Christ.' Subsequently, however, he took to vicious courses, had a man-of-war's man who had assaulted ...

an English dissenting minister. At the age of fourteen or fifteen he had a vision of an "ancient form", which he took to be Jesus Christ. A dissenting minister was called in to see him, to whom he confessed his sins; the minister 'pointed him to the blood of Christ.' Subsequently, however, he took to vicious courses, had a man-of-war's man who had assaulted him arrested, frequented theatres, fought with his fellow-apprentice, contracted debts, and a disease for which he was treated in the London Lock Hospital.

an English actor, playwright, theatre manager and producer who influenced nearly all aspects of theatrical practice throughout the 18th century, and was a pupil and friend of Dr Samuel Johnson. He appeared in a number of amateur theatricals, and with his appear...

an English actor, playwright, theatre manager and producer who influenced nearly all aspects of theatrical practice throughout the 18th century, and was a pupil and friend of Dr Samuel Johnson. He appeared in a number of amateur theatricals, and with his appearance in the title role of Shakespeare's Richard III, audiences and managers began to take notice. Impressed by his portrayals of Richard III and a number of other roles, Charles Fleetwood engaged Garrick for a season at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. He remained with the Drury Lane company for the next five years and purchased a share of the theatre with James Lacy.

was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded with Isaac Knapp in 1831 and published in Massachusetts until slavery was abolished by Constitutional amendment after the American Civil War. He was one of the founders of the ...

was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded with Isaac Knapp in 1831 and published in Massachusetts until slavery was abolished by Constitutional amendment after the American Civil War. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.

an English physician and poet. In 1697 he delivered the Harveian Oration, in which he advocated a scheme dating from some ten years back for providing dispensaries for the relief of the sick poor, as a protection against the greed of the apothecaries. In 1699 he published a mock-heroic poem, The Dispensary, in six cantos, which had an instant s...

an English physician and poet. In 1697 he delivered the Harveian Oration, in which he advocated a scheme dating from some ten years back for providing dispensaries for the relief of the sick poor, as a protection against the greed of the apothecaries. In 1699 he published a mock-heroic poem, The Dispensary, in six cantos, which had an instant success, passing through three editions within a year. In this he ridiculed the apothecaries and their allies among the physicians.

an English poet, soldier and unsuccessful courtier. He is considered the most important poet of the early Elizabethan era, following Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and leading to the emergence of Philip Sidney. He was the first poet to deify Q...

an English poet, soldier and unsuccessful courtier. He is considered the most important poet of the early Elizabethan era, following Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and leading to the emergence of Philip Sidney. He was the first poet to deify Queen Elizabeth I, in effect establishing her cult as a virgin goddess married to her kingdom and subjects. Most of his works were published during the last years of his life after his return from the wars.

an English novelist and short story writer during the Victorian era. Her novels offer a detailed portrait of the lives of many strata of society, including the very poor, and are of interest to social historians as well as lovers of literature. Her first novel, Mary Barton, was published in 1848. Gaskell's The Life of Charlotte Brontë, published in 1857, wa...

an English novelist and short story writer during the Victorian era. Her novels offer a detailed portrait of the lives of many strata of society, including the very poor, and are of interest to social historians as well as lovers of literature. Her first novel, Mary Barton, was published in 1848. Gaskell's The Life of Charlotte Brontë, published in 1857, was the first biography about Brontë. Some of Gaskell's best known novels are Cranford (1851–53), North and South (1854-55), and Wives and Daughters (1865).

a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. While he held a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi i...

a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. While he held a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi is named after him. He wrote numerous philosophical works, and some of the positions he worked out are considered significant, finding a way between skepticism and dogmatism.

an English clergyman and theologian. He was born in London, the son of Thomas Gatacre. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. From 1601 to 1611 he held the appointment of preacher to the society of Lincoln's Inn, which he resigned on accepting the rectory of Rotherhithe. In 1642 he was chosen a member of the Westminster Assembly, and annotated for ...

an English clergyman and theologian. He was born in London, the son of Thomas Gatacre. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. From 1601 to 1611 he held the appointment of preacher to the society of Lincoln's Inn, which he resigned on accepting the rectory of Rotherhithe. In 1642 he was chosen a member of the Westminster Assembly, and annotated for them the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Lamentations. He disapproved of the introduction of the Covenant and declared himself in favour of episcopacy. He was one of the forty-seven London clergymen who disapproved of the trial of Charles I. He engaged in a public controversy with the astrologer William Lilly, who had mentioned Gataker in an almanac.

a Church of England vicar and author. He was born in London to Robert Gatty, a solicitor, and Margaret Jones. In 1831 he entered Exeter College, Oxford, graduating in 1836. He was ordained a deacon in 1837 and was appointed as curate of Bellerby in the North Riding of Yorkshire. He was ordained priest in 1838, and was appointed vicar of Ecclesfield on 23 Sep...

a Church of England vicar and author. He was born in London to Robert Gatty, a solicitor, and Margaret Jones. In 1831 he entered Exeter College, Oxford, graduating in 1836. He was ordained a deacon in 1837 and was appointed as curate of Bellerby in the North Riding of Yorkshire. He was ordained priest in 1838, and was appointed vicar of Ecclesfield on 23 September 1839, a position he held until his death. In 1861 he was appointed as rural dean and in 1862 as subdean of York Minster.

an English Bishop of Exeter then Bishop of Worcester and writer, and the reputed author of the important Royalist work Eikon Basilike. He seems to have remained at Oxford until 1630, when he became vicar of Chippenham. His sympathies were at first with the parliamentary party. He was chaplain to Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, and preached before th...

an English Bishop of Exeter then Bishop of Worcester and writer, and the reputed author of the important Royalist work Eikon Basilike. He seems to have remained at Oxford until 1630, when he became vicar of Chippenham. His sympathies were at first with the parliamentary party. He was chaplain to Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, and preached before the House of Commons in 1640.

an English Puritan cleric, now remembered for his partially sceptical views on astrology, witchcraft and hermetic philosophy. Gaule's one preferment was as vicar of Great Staughton, Huntingdonshire, through Viscountess Campden by 1632, though there is some confusion on the point. Gaule clashed with, and preached against, the self-appointed witch-hunter activ...

an English Puritan cleric, now remembered for his partially sceptical views on astrology, witchcraft and hermetic philosophy. Gaule's one preferment was as vicar of Great Staughton, Huntingdonshire, through Viscountess Campden by 1632, though there is some confusion on the point. Gaule clashed with, and preached against, the self-appointed witch-hunter active in East Anglia, Matthew Hopkins. This took place around 1646, when Hopkins and John Stearne were operating in Huntingdonshire. As a result, and to expose the methods used by Hopkins, he wrote Select Cases of Conscience touching Witches and Witchcraft, London, 1646.

a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and art and literary critic. While Gautier was an ardent defender of Romanticism, his work is difficult to classify and remains a point of reference for many subsequent literary traditions such as Parnassianism, Symbolism, Decadence and Modernism. In many of Gautier's works, the subject is less important than t...

a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and art and literary critic. While Gautier was an ardent defender of Romanticism, his work is difficult to classify and remains a point of reference for many subsequent literary traditions such as Parnassianism, Symbolism, Decadence and Modernism. In many of Gautier's works, the subject is less important than the pleasure of telling the story. He favored a provocative yet refined style.

an English poet and dramatist and member of the Scriblerus Club. He is best remembered for The Beggar's Opera (1728), a ballad opera. The characters, including Captain Macheath and Polly Peachum, became household names. He wrote a sequel, Polly, relating the adventures of Polly Peachum in the West Indies; its production was forbidden by the Lord Chamberlain,...

an English poet and dramatist and member of the Scriblerus Club. He is best remembered for The Beggar's Opera (1728), a ballad opera. The characters, including Captain Macheath and Polly Peachum, became household names. He wrote a sequel, Polly, relating the adventures of Polly Peachum in the West Indies; its production was forbidden by the Lord Chamberlain, no doubt through the influence of Walpole. This act of "oppression" caused no loss to Gay. It proved an excellent advertisement for Polly, which was published by subscription in 1729, and brought its author several thousand pounds.

a Dutch historian. He followed an education at the Latin school in Deventer, before he joined the Augustinians. After this he studied at Leuven. Here he wrote his first publications, amongst which are a collection of Satires in the trend of Erasmus' Praise of Folly. In this period he also oversaw the printing of several works of Erasmus and more

a Dutch historian. He followed an education at the Latin school in Deventer, before he joined the Augustinians. After this he studied at Leuven. Here he wrote his first publications, amongst which are a collection of Satires in the trend of Erasmus' Praise of Folly. In this period he also oversaw the printing of several works of Erasmus and Thomas More.

a German poet, one of the forerunners of the golden age of German literature that was ushered in by Lessing. The esteem and veneration in which Gellert was held by the students, and indeed by persons in all classes of society, was unbounded, and yet due perhaps less to his unrivalled popularity as a lecturer and writer than to his personal character. He was ...

a German poet, one of the forerunners of the golden age of German literature that was ushered in by Lessing. The esteem and veneration in which Gellert was held by the students, and indeed by persons in all classes of society, was unbounded, and yet due perhaps less to his unrivalled popularity as a lecturer and writer than to his personal character. He was the noblest and most amiable of men, generous, tender-hearted and of unaffected piety and humility. He wrote in order to raise the religious and moral character of the people, and to this end employed language which, though at times prolix, was always correct and clear. He thus became one of the most popular German authors, and some of his poems enjoyed a celebrity out of proportion to their literary value.

a seventeenth-century Italian adventurer and traveler. He was among the first Europeans to tour the world by securing passage on ships involved in the carrying trade; his travels, undertaken for pleasure rather than profit, may have inspired Around the World in Eighty Days. This five-year trip would lead to his best known six-volume book, Giro Del ...

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a seventeenth-century Italian adventurer and traveler. He was among the first Europeans to tour the world by securing passage on ships involved in the carrying trade; his travels, undertaken for pleasure rather than profit, may have inspired Around the World in Eighty Days. This five-year trip would lead to his best known six-volume book, Giro Del Mondo (1699). Some suspected him of spying for the Vatican on his journey.

a French Catholic bishop and writer. The years 1839-49 he spent in Rome, gathering data for his "Esquisse de Rome Chrétienne". Recalled by Monseigneur Sibour, he became successively professor of sacred eloquence at the Sorbonne, Vicar-General of Amiens, and bishop of Perpignan (1854). His episcopate was marked by the holding of a synod, the reorganization o...

a French Catholic bishop and writer. The years 1839-49 he spent in Rome, gathering data for his "Esquisse de Rome Chrétienne". Recalled by Monseigneur Sibour, he became successively professor of sacred eloquence at the Sorbonne, Vicar-General of Amiens, and bishop of Perpignan (1854). His episcopate was marked by the holding of a synod, the reorganization of clerical studies, various religious foundations, and by the pastoral instruction of 1860 sur diverses erreurs du temps présent, which served as a model for the Syllabus of Pope Pius IX.

a German theologian, Lutheran minister and hymn writer. He also sponsored a series of conferences between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy in the hopes of having them arrive at some consensus, but the result was the opposite: the more the two sides argued the further apart they found themselves. Gerhardt was a leading voice among the Lutheran clergy, and dre...

a German theologian, Lutheran minister and hymn writer. He also sponsored a series of conferences between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy in the hopes of having them arrive at some consensus, but the result was the opposite: the more the two sides argued the further apart they found themselves. Gerhardt was a leading voice among the Lutheran clergy, and drew up many of the statements in defense of the Lutheran faith.

a Québécois Canadian poet and novelist. He was the author of the famous poem Un Canadien Errant (English: A Wandering Canadian). He was the father of the sociologist Leon Grin. In 1844 he proposed the founding of the famous Institut Canadien of Montreal and became its first secretary; he delivered several addresses to the members and was elected pre...

a Québécois Canadian poet and novelist. He was the author of the famous poem Un Canadien Errant (English: A Wandering Canadian). He was the father of the sociologist Leon Grin. In 1844 he proposed the founding of the famous Institut Canadien of Montreal and became its first secretary; he delivered several addresses to the members and was elected president in the summer of 1845, serving until November 1846. He was also appointed secretary of the Association Saint-Jean-Baptiste in Montreal in April 1845 and retained this post for several years. Abandoning journalism towards the middle of 1847, Gérin-Lajoie devoted himself to the study of law, at the same time maintaining a close interest in politics.

a German writer, journalist, musician and pioneer of telegraphy who revised the Morse code in 1848. It is Gerke's notation which is used today. In the years before Gerke joined the optical and later the electrical telegraph, he worked as a musician in pubs and establishments for sailors on the Reeperbahn. This area of Hamburg was under Danish administration ...

a German writer, journalist, musician and pioneer of telegraphy who revised the Morse code in 1848. It is Gerke's notation which is used today. In the years before Gerke joined the optical and later the electrical telegraph, he worked as a musician in pubs and establishments for sailors on the Reeperbahn. This area of Hamburg was under Danish administration in those days. He also started a career in writing and journalism and published many articles about social life and criticized misgovernment. Gerke wrote several books about life in general, nature, and healthcare. From 1838 on he joined the optical telegraph of Johann Ludwig Schmidt, who established a private telegraph line between Hamburg and Cuxhaven. Gerke's first job was to fix their technical problems. In 1842, the year of the 'Great Hamburg Fire', he requested help from neighbouring fire brigades using the optical telegraph.

an 18th-century Occitan writer from Provence. He was also a French diplomat in Algeria at the service of the Compagnie Royale d'Afrique. There is little information available about the details of his life. His most famous work is La Bourrido deis Dieoux (La Borrida dei Dieus, in classical Occitan), published in 1760 and also in 1820 in the anthology Lou Bouq...

an 18th-century Occitan writer from Provence. He was also a French diplomat in Algeria at the service of the Compagnie Royale d'Afrique. There is little information available about the details of his life. His most famous work is La Bourrido deis Dieoux (La Borrida dei Dieus, in classical Occitan), published in 1760 and also in 1820 in the anthology Lou Bouquet Prouvençau (Lo Boquet provençau).

a German traveler and novelist. In 1837, however, just younger than 21 and having imbibed from Robinson Crusoe a taste for adventure, he went to America and wandered over a large part of the United States, supporting himself by whatever work came to hand. He became fireman on a steamboat, deck hand, farmer, silversmith, and merchant. After wandering through...

a German traveler and novelist. In 1837, however, just younger than 21 and having imbibed from Robinson Crusoe a taste for adventure, he went to America and wandered over a large part of the United States, supporting himself by whatever work came to hand. He became fireman on a steamboat, deck hand, farmer, silversmith, and merchant. After wandering through most of the United States, spending some time as a hunter and trapper in the Indian territory, and in 1842 keeping a hotel at Point Coupée, Louisiana, he returned to Germany six adventurous years later in 1843. To his great surprise, he found himself famous as an author. His mother had shown his diary, which he regularly sent home, and which contained descriptions of his adventures in the New World, to the editor of the Rosen, who published them in that periodical.

a German actor, playwright, and painter. Geyer grew up in Artern and attended gymnasium in Eisleben. He started studying jurisprudence at the University of Leipzig but had to quit in 1799 when his father died after an accident. Geyer turned his hobby to his profession and earned the living expenses for his family by selling small portrait paintings. In 1801 ...

a German actor, playwright, and painter. Geyer grew up in Artern and attended gymnasium in Eisleben. He started studying jurisprudence at the University of Leipzig but had to quit in 1799 when his father died after an accident. Geyer turned his hobby to his profession and earned the living expenses for his family by selling small portrait paintings. In 1801 he came back to Leipzig where he met Friedrich Wagner who cared for him like a father. It was at his advice that Geyer went to the stage. He performed in little theaters in towns such as Magdeburg, Braunschweig, Stettin and Breslau.

the preeminent Indian Urdu and Persian-language poet during the last years of the Mughal Empire. He used his pen-names of Ghalib and Asad. His honorific was Dabir-ul-Mulk, Najm-ud-Daula. During his lifetime the Mughals were eclipsed and displaced by the British and finally deposed following the defeat of the Indian rebellion of 1857, events that he described...

the preeminent Indian Urdu and Persian-language poet during the last years of the Mughal Empire. He used his pen-names of Ghalib and Asad. His honorific was Dabir-ul-Mulk, Najm-ud-Daula. During his lifetime the Mughals were eclipsed and displaced by the British and finally deposed following the defeat of the Indian rebellion of 1857, events that he described. Most notably, he wrote several ghazals during his life, which have since been interpreted and sung in many different ways by different people. Ghalib, the last great poet of the Mughal Era, is considered to be one of the most popular and influential poets of the Urdu language.

an English historian, writer and Member of Parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, was published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788 and is known for the quality and irony of its prose, its use of primary sources, and its open criticism of organized religion. Gibbon's work has been criticised for its sca...

an English historian, writer and Member of Parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, was published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788 and is known for the quality and irony of its prose, its use of primary sources, and its open criticism of organized religion. Gibbon's work has been criticised for its scathing view of Christianity as laid down in chapters XV and XVI, a situation which resulted in the banning of the book in several countries.

an English Jesuit theologian and controversialist. Gibbons entered Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1561, but left the university without a degree. After studying philosophy and theology for seven years in the German College in Rome, he obtained doctorates in both in 1576 and was ordained a Catholic priest. Pope Gregory XIII gave Gibbons a canonry in the cathedra...

an English Jesuit theologian and controversialist. Gibbons entered Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1561, but left the university without a degree. After studying philosophy and theology for seven years in the German College in Rome, he obtained doctorates in both in 1576 and was ordained a Catholic priest. Pope Gregory XIII gave Gibbons a canonry in the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Cologne, which was then located in Bonn, Germany. Among Gibbon's literary works is "Concertatio Ecclesiæ Catholicæ in Anglica, adversus Calvino-Papistas et Puritanos" (Trier, 1583).

a London nonconformist minister who wrote hymns, sermons, and poetry. In 1742 Gibbons was appointed assistant to the Rev. Thomas Bures, minister of the Silver Street Presbyterian congregation, and in the next year he was chosen minister of the Independent congregation of Haberdashers' Hall. A favourite form of composition was elegies on the death of his frie...

a London nonconformist minister who wrote hymns, sermons, and poetry. In 1742 Gibbons was appointed assistant to the Rev. Thomas Bures, minister of the Silver Street Presbyterian congregation, and in the next year he was chosen minister of the Independent congregation of Haberdashers' Hall. A favourite form of composition was elegies on the death of his friends and others. A list of between forty and fifty works by Gibbons was in the Protestant Dissenters' Magazine, ii. 492, 493, and in Walter Wilson's Dissenting Churches, iii. 181, 182.

an English writer and occasional painter. He became a seaman, voyaged to North America, and afterwards, as master mariner in a ship of his father's, to the Baltic. In 1787 he was, on the recommendation of Lord Mulgrave, appointed to the collectorship of customs at Whitby, which office he held till his death. Among his other works, he wrote a play in five act...

an English writer and occasional painter. He became a seaman, voyaged to North America, and afterwards, as master mariner in a ship of his father's, to the Baltic. In 1787 he was, on the recommendation of Lord Mulgrave, appointed to the collectorship of customs at Whitby, which office he held till his death. Among his other works, he wrote a play in five acts, dedicated to Lady Mulgrave, and a translation of an account published under the sanction of the National Assembly of France, Whitby, 1802.

a Canadian educator, poet and journalist. Gidney taught school for a number of years before becoming editor of the Novascotian in 1843; later that year, he became associate editor after William Annand purchased the paper. He was also parliamentary reporter for the Morning Chronicle. Gidney married Experience Beals. In 1845, he purchased the Yarmouth Herald. ...

a Canadian educator, poet and journalist. Gidney taught school for a number of years before becoming editor of the Novascotian in 1843; later that year, he became associate editor after William Annand purchased the paper. He was also parliamentary reporter for the Morning Chronicle. Gidney married Experience Beals. In 1845, he purchased the Yarmouth Herald. In 1859, after temporarily leaving journalism, he became editor for the Digby Acadian.

an English Baptist minister and numismatist. Gifford seems to have performed ministerial work in Nottingham in 1725. At the beginning of 1730 he accepted a call from the Baptist meeting in Eagle Street, London. He was chaplain to Sir Richard Ellys, and after Sir Richard's death to Lady Ellys, from 1731 to 1745. Two of Gifford's sermons were published, one on...

an English Baptist minister and numismatist. Gifford seems to have performed ministerial work in Nottingham in 1725. At the beginning of 1730 he accepted a call from the Baptist meeting in Eagle Street, London. He was chaplain to Sir Richard Ellys, and after Sir Richard's death to Lady Ellys, from 1731 to 1745. Two of Gifford's sermons were published, one on The Great Storm in 1703,’ 1734, and the other, preached ten days before his death, To the Friendly Society, 1784. He edited for the Society of Antiquaries Folkes' Tables of English Silver and Gold Coins, which was published in 2 vols. in 1763.

an Italian opera librettist, most well known for his collaborations with the composers Vincenzo Bellini (his first work) and Gaetano Donizetti. Most of his e...

an Italian opera librettist, most well known for his collaborations with the composers Vincenzo Bellini (his first work) and Gaetano Donizetti. Most of his early work was for the Teatro Nuovo, where his librettos contained much prose and often included comic roles in Neapolitan dialect. His first published libretto was Bianca e Gernando for Bellini. Gilardoni first worked with Donizetti at the Teatro Nuovo, writing the libretto for Otto mesi in due ore ("Eight Months in Two Hours") which premiered on 13 May 1827. He went on to collaborate with Donizetti on ten more operas.

an English physician, physicist and natural philosopher. He passionately rejected both the prevailing Aristotelian philosophy and the Scholastic method of university teaching. He is remembered today largely for his book De Magnete (1600), and is credited as one of the originators of the term "electricity". He is regarded by some as the father of electrical e...

an English physician, physicist and natural philosopher. He passionately rejected both the prevailing Aristotelian philosophy and the Scholastic method of university teaching. He is remembered today largely for his book De Magnete (1600), and is credited as one of the originators of the term "electricity". He is regarded by some as the father of electrical engineering or electricity and magnetism.

an English clergyman, known as a radical Puritan and translator of the Geneva Bible, the first English Bible available to the general public. He was born in Lincolnshire, and was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1535. In Gilby’s early life, he served as a preacher in Leicestershire. During this time, he was brought together with peopl...

an English clergyman, known as a radical Puritan and translator of the Geneva Bible, the first English Bible available to the general public. He was born in Lincolnshire, and was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1535. In Gilby’s early life, he served as a preacher in Leicestershire. During this time, he was brought together with people who shared his similar opinions on the corruptions of the era. This pushed him to publish A Commentarye upon the Prophet Mycha (1551) and A Commentarye upon the Prophet Malaky (c. 1553), freely expressing through these texts his feelings about the persecution of his religion.

an English hack writer who was, by turns, a translator, biographer, essayist, playwright, poet, author of fictional letters, fabulist, short story author, and critic. He provided the source for many lives of Restoration figures, although he appears to have propagated or invented numerous errors with them. He is remembered best as a target of more

an English hack writer who was, by turns, a translator, biographer, essayist, playwright, poet, author of fictional letters, fabulist, short story author, and critic. He provided the source for many lives of Restoration figures, although he appears to have propagated or invented numerous errors with them. He is remembered best as a target of Alexander Pope's in both Dunciad and the Epistle to Dr. John Arbuthnot and an enemy of Jonathan Swift's. Gildon's biographies are, in many cases, the only biographies available, but they have nearly without exception been shown to have wholesale invention in them.

an American author. She was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Samuel Howard, and married Rev. Samuel Gilman, a Unitarian who occupied a pastorate at Charleston, South Carolina, from 1819 to 1858. In 1832, she began to edit the Rosebud, a juvenile weekly newspaper, which subsequently took the name of the Southern Rose. Some of her works enjoyed c...

an American author. She was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Samuel Howard, and married Rev. Samuel Gilman, a Unitarian who occupied a pastorate at Charleston, South Carolina, from 1819 to 1858. In 1832, she began to edit the Rosebud, a juvenile weekly newspaper, which subsequently took the name of the Southern Rose. Some of her works enjoyed considerable popularity.

a French author. He was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror and escaped with life only by the downfall of Maximilien Robespierre. He was one of the commission appointed to continue the Histoire littéraire de la France, and he contributed to the vol...

a French author. He was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror and escaped with life only by the downfall of Maximilien Robespierre. He was one of the commission appointed to continue the Histoire littéraire de la France, and he contributed to the volumes of this series which appeared in 1814, 1817 and 1820. Ginguené's most important work is the Histoire littéraire d'Italie (14 vols., 1811–1835). He was putting the finishing touches to the eighth and ninth volumes when he died.

an Italian scholar and well renowned poet. Giraldi was a man of very extensive erudition; and numerous testimonies to his profundity and accuracy have been given both by contemporary and by later scholars. His Historia de diis gentium (1548) marked a distinctly forward step in the systematic study of classical mythology; and by his treatises De annis et mens...

an Italian scholar and well renowned poet. Giraldi was a man of very extensive erudition; and numerous testimonies to his profundity and accuracy have been given both by contemporary and by later scholars. His Historia de diis gentium (1548) marked a distinctly forward step in the systematic study of classical mythology; and by his treatises De annis et mensibus, and on the Calendarium Romanum et Graecum, he contributed to bring about the reform of the calendar, which was ultimately effected by Pope Gregory XIII.

a Norwegian writer. After some years as a widow she also debuted as a moralistic writer. In 1843 she released the book En Moders veiledende Ord til sin Datter ("A Mother's Guiding Words to her Daughter"). It was released anonymously, but translated to Danish, German and English. In time she used her real name and published several books, including textbooks ...

a Norwegian writer. After some years as a widow she also debuted as a moralistic writer. In 1843 she released the book En Moders veiledende Ord til sin Datter ("A Mother's Guiding Words to her Daughter"). It was released anonymously, but translated to Danish, German and English. In time she used her real name and published several books, including textbooks for missionaries. Memoirs were published posthumously in 1861, and a collection of her letters was published in 1885. In March 1854 she married Knud Gislesen. From 1856 they lived in Tromsø where her husband was bishop.

an Italian lawyer, poet, and librettist. He is often confused with his uncle, Girolamo Giusti, who also wrote libretti. Between them, they produced at least four, although it is has been unclear which Giusti wrote which libretto, and sometimes they have wrongly been assumed to be the same person. In the past, the libretto for more

an Italian lawyer, poet, and librettist. He is often confused with his uncle, Girolamo Giusti, who also wrote libretti. Between them, they produced at least four, although it is has been unclear which Giusti wrote which libretto, and sometimes they have wrongly been assumed to be the same person. In the past, the libretto for Antonio Vivaldi's 1733 opera Motezuma had been attributed to Girolamo on the basis of a later archivist handwriting the name on a printed copy. However, according to Michael Talbot writing in the The Vivaldi Compendium, "the scholarly consensus is that Alvise is at least the author of the libretto for Vivaldi's Motezuma."

an Italian poet and satirist. Giusti became known for witty satires written during the period of the Italian Risorgimento. His commentary during the early years of Italy’s nationalistic movement against Austrian rule outlived their political period, and are enjoyed for their Tuscan lively style and preservation of the classic Tuscan tongue. His satires def...

an Italian poet and satirist. Giusti became known for witty satires written during the period of the Italian Risorgimento. His commentary during the early years of Italy’s nationalistic movement against Austrian rule outlived their political period, and are enjoyed for their Tuscan lively style and preservation of the classic Tuscan tongue. His satires defended Italy or lamented the social conditions from its political state. Giusti's poetic style eventually departed from what had been a Tuscan tradition of jocose, playful verse. Poetically, it aspires to wisdom, honesty, frankness, and to clarity. His work held literary romanticism in contempt.

a pharmaceutical chemist of the 17th century. He was born in Basel. He became demonstrator of chemistry, as successor of Lefebvre, at the Jardin du Roi in Paris, and apothecary to Louis XIV and to the Duke of Orléans. He is best known through his Traité de la chy...

a pharmaceutical chemist of the 17th century. He was born in Basel. He became demonstrator of chemistry, as successor of Lefebvre, at the Jardin du Roi in Paris, and apothecary to Louis XIV and to the Duke of Orléans. He is best known through his Traité de la chymie (Paris, 1663), which went through some ten editions in about twenty-five years, and was translated into both German and English.

an English preacher and writer. Glover left school at age 13, and was apprenticed to business. Later he retired on a legacy from an uncle. In 1748 he was influenced by the teaching of the Methodists at Norwich. His published memoirs are entirely devoted to religious reflection, and he corresponded with the Calvinist writer Anne Dutton. In 1761, his health fa...

an English preacher and writer. Glover left school at age 13, and was apprenticed to business. Later he retired on a legacy from an uncle. In 1748 he was influenced by the teaching of the Methodists at Norwich. His published memoirs are entirely devoted to religious reflection, and he corresponded with the Calvinist writer Anne Dutton. In 1761, his health failed, and he retired from business. The latter portion of Glover's life seems to have been spent in preaching and in writing religious pamphlets.

an English author and antiquary. Stephen Glover compiled the Peak Guide in 1830, and assisted author Stephen Bateman in his Antiquities of Derbyshire, in 1848. Glover's best known work is the History and Gazetteer of the County of Derby. The first volume was published in 1831, and the second in 1833. These volumes had been delayed some time owing to the disp...

an English author and antiquary. Stephen Glover compiled the Peak Guide in 1830, and assisted author Stephen Bateman in his Antiquities of Derbyshire, in 1848. Glover's best known work is the History and Gazetteer of the County of Derby. The first volume was published in 1831, and the second in 1833. These volumes had been delayed some time owing to the disputes between the compiler and the engravers. As a result, the work was never completed.

an English clergyman, controversial writer, and rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk. A participant at the Synod of Dort, he changed his views there from Calvinist to Arminian, against the sense of the meeting. He wrote two anti-Catholic populist tracts in 1623: on Robert Drury, and as author or editor the Friers Chronicle, a collection of nasty sexual tales supposed...

an English clergyman, controversial writer, and rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk. A participant at the Synod of Dort, he changed his views there from Calvinist to Arminian, against the sense of the meeting. He wrote two anti-Catholic populist tracts in 1623: on Robert Drury, and as author or editor the Friers Chronicle, a collection of nasty sexual tales supposedly by an apostate Catholic.

the 10th Sikh Guru, a spiritual master, warrior, poet and philosopher. He succeeded his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, as the leader of the Sikhs at the age of nine and became the last of the living Sikh Gurus. He died without lineal descendant after the martyrdom of his four sons during his lifetime. Among his notable contributions to Sikhism are founding the S...

the 10th Sikh Guru, a spiritual master, warrior, poet and philosopher. He succeeded his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, as the leader of the Sikhs at the age of nine and became the last of the living Sikh Gurus. He died without lineal descendant after the martyrdom of his four sons during his lifetime. Among his notable contributions to Sikhism are founding the Sikh Khalsa in 1699, introducing the Five Ks, the five articles of faith that Khalsa Sikhs wear at all times, contributing to the continual formalisation of the religion and passing the final Guruship of the Sikhs to the Eleventh and Eternal Sikh Guru, the Guru Granth Sahib Ji.

a German scholastic philosopher. Gockel’s main contribution to science was his invention of the term “psychology” in 1590. Gockel also had extensive backing and significant contributions to the field of ontology. He extended on many ideas from Aristotle, such as both the introduction of ontology and metaphysics. Several of Gockel’s ideas were publish...

a German scholastic philosopher. Gockel’s main contribution to science was his invention of the term “psychology” in 1590. Gockel also had extensive backing and significant contributions to the field of ontology. He extended on many ideas from Aristotle, such as both the introduction of ontology and metaphysics. Several of Gockel’s ideas were published and built upon by later philosophers. To this day, Gockel’s main contribution remains his terming of “psychology.”

a French bishop, poet and exegete. His verse-writing early won the interest of a relative in Paris, Valentin Conrart, at whose house the literary world gathered. He is now known for his work of criticism Discours de la poésie chrétienne from 1633. He turned his talent for versification to religious uses, his best known productions being a metrical version ...

a French bishop, poet and exegete. His verse-writing early won the interest of a relative in Paris, Valentin Conrart, at whose house the literary world gathered. He is now known for his work of criticism Discours de la poésie chrétienne from 1633. He turned his talent for versification to religious uses, his best known productions being a metrical version of the Psalms, poems on St. Paul, the assumption, St. Eustace, Mary Magdalen, and one of 15,000 lines on the annals of the Church. The monotony and mechanical arrangement of the poems are relieved at intervals by passages remarkable for thought or expression.

an English jurist and writer, an admiralty judge under the Commonwealth. He took the Parliamentarian side, and on 30 July 1653 was appointed judge of the admiralty, with William Clerk and Charles George Cocke. After Clarke's death Godolphin and Cock were reappointed in July 1659 to hold the same office until 10 December. After the Restoration he became one o...

an English jurist and writer, an admiralty judge under the Commonwealth. He took the Parliamentarian side, and on 30 July 1653 was appointed judge of the admiralty, with William Clerk and Charles George Cocke. After Clarke's death Godolphin and Cock were reappointed in July 1659 to hold the same office until 10 December. After the Restoration he became one of the king's advocates. Godolphin wrote several books on law and divinity.

an English poet, courtier and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1628 and 1643. He died fighting in the Royalist army in the English Civil War. Godolphin left poems which were never collected in a separate volume. "The Passion of Dido for Æneas, as it is incomparably expressed in the fourth book of Virgil," finished by more

an English poet, courtier and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1628 and 1643. He died fighting in the Royalist army in the English Civil War. Godolphin left poems which were never collected in a separate volume. "The Passion of Dido for Æneas, as it is incomparably expressed in the fourth book of Virgil," finished by Edmund Waller, was published in 1658 and 1679, and is in the fourth volume of Dryden's Miscellany Poems. He was one of "certain persons of quality" whose translation of Pierre Corneille's The La Mort de Pompée was published in 1664.

an English historian, science fiction author, divine, Bishop of Llandaff and of Hereford. He was elected student of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1578, took his bachelor's degree in 1580, and that of master in 1583. In 1616 Godwin published Rerum Anglicarum, Henrico VIII., Edwardo VI. et Maria regnantibus, Annales, which was afterwards translated and published b...

an English historian, science fiction author, divine, Bishop of Llandaff and of Hereford. He was elected student of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1578, took his bachelor's degree in 1580, and that of master in 1583. In 1616 Godwin published Rerum Anglicarum, Henrico VIII., Edwardo VI. et Maria regnantibus, Annales, which was afterwards translated and published by his son Morgan under the title Annales of England (1630). He is also the author of a somewhat remarkable story, published posthumously in 1638, and entitled The Man in the Moone, or a Discourse of a Voyage thither, by Domingo Gonsales, written apparently some time in the 1620s.

a German writer and statesman. His body of work includes epic and lyric poetry written in a variety of metres and styles; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; treatises on botany, anatomy, and colour; and four novels. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters, and nearly ...

a German writer and statesman. His body of work includes epic and lyric poetry written in a variety of metres and styles; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; treatises on botany, anatomy, and colour; and four novels. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters, and nearly 3,000 drawings by him exist. A literary celebrity by the age of 25, Goethe was ennobled by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, Karl August in 1782 after first taking up residence there in November 1775 following the success of his first novel, The Sorrows of Young Werther.

a Lutheran pastor and theologian during the period of Late Orthodoxy. From 1760 to 1770 he served as senior of Hamburg presiding as spiritual leader over the Lutheran state church of the city-state. Goeze was familiar with literature and took up writing histories and apologetics. The latter led him to write against various proponents of the Enlightenment. In...

a Lutheran pastor and theologian during the period of Late Orthodoxy. From 1760 to 1770 he served as senior of Hamburg presiding as spiritual leader over the Lutheran state church of the city-state. Goeze was familiar with literature and took up writing histories and apologetics. The latter led him to write against various proponents of the Enlightenment. In 1764, he wrote against Johann Bernhard Basedow, in 1769, against Johann Georg Schlosser, in 1771 against Johann Salomo Semler, the founder of the historical critical method, in 1773, against Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, and in 1769 against Julius Gustav Alberti, the first Rationalist pastor in Hamburg. The next year, in 1770, he published his best work, The True Nature of Religious Zeal.

a Russian dramatist of Ukrainian origin. Although Gogol was considered by his contemporaries one of the preeminent figures of the natural school of Russian literary realism, later critics have found in his work a fundamentally romantic sensibility, with strains of surrealism and the grotesque. In 1820, Gogol went to a school of higher art in Nezhin (now Nizh...

a Russian dramatist of Ukrainian origin. Although Gogol was considered by his contemporaries one of the preeminent figures of the natural school of Russian literary realism, later critics have found in his work a fundamentally romantic sensibility, with strains of surrealism and the grotesque. In 1820, Gogol went to a school of higher art in Nezhin (now Nizhyn Gogol State University) and remained there until 1828. It was there that he began writing. He was not popular among his schoolmates, who called him their "mysterious dwarf", but with two or three of them he formed lasting friendships. Very early he developed a dark and secretive disposition, marked by a painful self-consciousness and boundless ambition. Equally early he developed a talent for mimicry, which later made him a matchless reader of his own works and induced him to toy with the idea of becoming an actor.

a translator of St. Augustine, member of the Académie Française and director of Mademoiselle de Guise's musical ensemble. He began trying his hand at translation, consulting with Antoine Arnauld about Port-Royal’s translation of the New Testament and gaining Arnauld’s lasting respect for his translation skills. Goibaut would soon be described as a man ...

a translator of St. Augustine, member of the Académie Française and director of Mademoiselle de Guise's musical ensemble. He began trying his hand at translation, consulting with Antoine Arnauld about Port-Royal’s translation of the New Testament and gaining Arnauld’s lasting respect for his translation skills. Goibaut would soon be described as a man of “limitless intellect who, they say, most closely approaches Monsieur Pascal and has imitated him best.” Although Goibaut initially defended his Jansenist friends of Port-Royal and, in 1670, participated in their edition of Pascal’s Pensées, he gradually distanced himself from the movement.

an English translator of more than 30 works from Latin into English. While primarily remembered today for his translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses because of its influence on William Shakespeare's works, in his own time he was most famous for his translatio...

an English translator of more than 30 works from Latin into English. While primarily remembered today for his translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses because of its influence on William Shakespeare's works, in his own time he was most famous for his translation of Caesar's Commentaries, and his translations of the sermons of John Calvin were important in spreading the doctrines of the Protestant Reformation.

an Italian playwright and librettist from the Republic of Venice. His works include some of Italy's most famous and best-loved plays. Audiences have admired the plays of Goldoni for their ingenious mix of wit and honesty. His plays offered his contemporaries images of themselves, often dramatizing the lives, values, and conflicts of the emerging middle class...

an Italian playwright and librettist from the Republic of Venice. His works include some of Italy's most famous and best-loved plays. Audiences have admired the plays of Goldoni for their ingenious mix of wit and honesty. His plays offered his contemporaries images of themselves, often dramatizing the lives, values, and conflicts of the emerging middle classes. Though he wrote in French and Italian, his plays make rich use of the Venetian language, regional vernacular, and colloquialisms. Goldoni also wrote under the pen name and title "Polisseno Fegeio, Pastor Arcade," which he claimed in his memoirs the "Arcadians of Rome" bestowed on him.

an Irish novelist, playwright and poet, who is best known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770), and his plays The Good-Natur'd Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer (1771, first performed in 1773). He is thought to have written the classic children's tale The History of Littl...

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an Irish novelist, playwright and poet, who is best known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770), and his plays The Good-Natur'd Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer (1771, first performed in 1773). He is thought to have written the classic children's tale The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes (1765).

a Canadian poet born in St. Andrews, New Brunswick. He is best known for The Rising Village, which appeared in 1825. It was at once the first book-length poem published by a native English-Canadian and the first book-length publication in England by a Canadian poet. Furthermore his Autobiography is the first autobiography of a native Canadian writer. He is n...

a Canadian poet born in St. Andrews, New Brunswick. He is best known for The Rising Village, which appeared in 1825. It was at once the first book-length poem published by a native English-Canadian and the first book-length publication in England by a Canadian poet. Furthermore his Autobiography is the first autobiography of a native Canadian writer. He is not to be confused with his great-uncle Oliver Goldsmith, to whose celebrated poem The Deserted Village The Rising Village is a response.

an Anglican clergyman and religious writer. For some time he was curate of Headington; he held the miserably endowed vicarage of Baldon Toot, and he occasionally officiated in the church of St. Peter in the East, Oxford, for Hamilton, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. He was a thorough student of theology and history. Even opponents admitted his deep religious...

an Anglican clergyman and religious writer. For some time he was curate of Headington; he held the miserably endowed vicarage of Baldon Toot, and he occasionally officiated in the church of St. Peter in the East, Oxford, for Hamilton, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. He was a thorough student of theology and history. Even opponents admitted his deep religious feelings and his frank fearlessness. He was friendly with men of every division of thought, and his charity was unbounded and unostentatious. He was full of anecdote, heightened by much dryness of wit, and was always accessible.

a Spanish historian who worked in Seville, particularly noted for his works in which he described the early 16th century expedition undertaken by Hernán Cortés in the Spanish conquest of the New World. Although Gómara himself did not accompany Cortés, and had in fact never been to the Americas, he had firsthand access to Cortés and others of the returni...

a Spanish historian who worked in Seville, particularly noted for his works in which he described the early 16th century expedition undertaken by Hernán Cortés in the Spanish conquest of the New World. Although Gómara himself did not accompany Cortés, and had in fact never been to the Americas, he had firsthand access to Cortés and others of the returning conquistadores as the sources of his account. However other contemporaries, among them most notably Bernal Díaz del Castillo, criticised his work as being full of inaccuracies, and one which unjustifiably sanitised the events and aggrandised Cortés' role.

a French writer, born in Poitou. Although he was not a nobleman, he adopted the title Chevalier (Knight) for the character in his dialogues who represented his own views (Chevalier de Méré because he was educated at Méré ). Later his friends began calling him by that name. Méré was an important Salon theorist. Like many 17th century liberal thinkers, h...

a French writer, born in Poitou. Although he was not a nobleman, he adopted the title Chevalier (Knight) for the character in his dialogues who represented his own views (Chevalier de Méré because he was educated at Méré ). Later his friends began calling him by that name. Méré was an important Salon theorist. Like many 17th century liberal thinkers, he distrusted both hereditary power and democracy. He believed that questions are best resolved in open discussions among witty, fashionable, intelligent people. Méré's most famous essays are L'honnête homme (The Honest Man) and Discours de la vraie honnêteté (Discourse on True Honesty), but he is far better known for his contribution to probability theory.

a French poet and novelist. He was born at Paris, and at fourteen he produced a volume of poetry. At twenty he wrote a Discours sur l'histoire and at twenty-two a pastoral, La Charité, which is really a novel. The characters, though disguised as shepherds and shepherdesses, represent real people for whose identification the author himself provides a key. Th...

a French poet and novelist. He was born at Paris, and at fourteen he produced a volume of poetry. At twenty he wrote a Discours sur l'histoire and at twenty-two a pastoral, La Charité, which is really a novel. The characters, though disguised as shepherds and shepherdesses, represent real people for whose identification the author himself provides a key. This was followed by a more ambitious work, Polexandre (5 vols. 1632–1637). Cythérée (4 vols.) appeared in 1630–1642, and in 1651 the Jeune Alcidiane, intended to undo any harm the earlier novels may have done.

a French churchman, writer of memoirs, and agitator in the Fronde. He was Archbishop of Paris for almost twenty years. During the last ten years of his life, Retz wrote his Memoirs, which go up to the year 1655. They are addressed in the form of narrative to a lady who is not known, though guesses have been made at her identity, some even suggesting Madame d...

a French churchman, writer of memoirs, and agitator in the Fronde. He was Archbishop of Paris for almost twenty years. During the last ten years of his life, Retz wrote his Memoirs, which go up to the year 1655. They are addressed in the form of narrative to a lady who is not known, though guesses have been made at her identity, some even suggesting Madame de Sévigné herself. In the beginning there are some gaps. They are known for their narrative skill and the verbal portraits of their characters.

an English preacher, theologian and prolific author of significant books. In 1639 Goodwin wrote a preface to the posthumous sermons of Henry Ramsden. During the next two years he published several sermons, and a tract (1641) criticising the positions of George Walker, of St. John's, Watling Street. Walker retorted upon Goodwin and others with a charge of Soc...

an English preacher, theologian and prolific author of significant books. In 1639 Goodwin wrote a preface to the posthumous sermons of Henry Ramsden. During the next two years he published several sermons, and a tract (1641) criticising the positions of George Walker, of St. John's, Watling Street. Walker retorted upon Goodwin and others with a charge of Socinianism in the article of justification. Goodwin defended himself (1642) in Christ set forth, and in a treatise on justification.

an English divine. Goodwin, a native of Suffolk, was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, and proceeded M.A. in 1630. During the First English Civil War he sided with the Parliamentarians, and was appointed one of the 'triers' for Hertfordshire. By an ordinance of the lords and commons, dated 23 April 1645, he became vicar of Watford in that county, in...

an English divine. Goodwin, a native of Suffolk, was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, and proceeded M.A. in 1630. During the First English Civil War he sided with the Parliamentarians, and was appointed one of the 'triers' for Hertfordshire. By an ordinance of the lords and commons, dated 23 April 1645, he became vicar of Watford in that county, in succession to Cornelius Burges, but was ejected for nonconformity in June 1661. He later conformed, and on 4 October 1673 was presented to the rectory of Liston, Essex, by William Clopton, whose daughter Lucy he had married.

a poet and translator, one of the earliest English pastoral poets. Googe's poems are written in the plain or native style which preceded and subsequently competed with the Petrarchan style. Petrarchan love poetry was decorative, metaphorical and often exaggerated; it also involved a more fluid mastery of iambic English poetry than the alliterative Native Sty...

a poet and translator, one of the earliest English pastoral poets. Googe's poems are written in the plain or native style which preceded and subsequently competed with the Petrarchan style. Petrarchan love poetry was decorative, metaphorical and often exaggerated; it also involved a more fluid mastery of iambic English poetry than the alliterative Native Style: Googe's tonic accents are heavy, the unaccents light; the result is sometimes deliberately blunt and plodding.

an English born landowner in Ireland. He fled to England when a warrant for his arrest was issued. His case raised the question of the judicial powers of the Irish parliament. Sir Vincent (when and for what reason he was knighted is not known) was a man of considerable enterprise, and was soon remarked as one of the wealthiest men in the south of Ireland, po...

an English born landowner in Ireland. He fled to England when a warrant for his arrest was issued. His case raised the question of the judicial powers of the Irish parliament. Sir Vincent (when and for what reason he was knighted is not known) was a man of considerable enterprise, and was soon remarked as one of the wealthiest men in the south of Ireland, possessing property in England and Ireland, and deriving a large income from his fishery at Courtmacsherry, and from his wool flocks. In spite of his position he bitterly hated Irishmen, and in 1634 he created considerable disturbance in Munster by publishing and circulating, under the form of a letter addressed to the lord deputy, a bitter invective against the whole nation.

an English surveyor-general of Ireland. He represented Irish constituencies in the Protectorate parliaments. He published pamphlets (1665) deprecating enforcement of orders for transplantation of Irish to Connaught. He was a man of strong religious convictions, and an ardent republican. He is chiefly known to us as the author of the remarkable pamphlet, T...

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an English surveyor-general of Ireland. He represented Irish constituencies in the Protectorate parliaments. He published pamphlets (1665) deprecating enforcement of orders for transplantation of Irish to Connaught. He was a man of strong religious convictions, and an ardent republican. He is chiefly known to us as the author of the remarkable pamphlet, The Great Case of Transplantation discussed. He had comedic and elegant prose.

a Scottish Jesuit. in Scotland Gordon, as a kinsman of King James VI, had influence among the nobility; and he engaged in public discussions with Protestant ministers. For two months he followed the king everywhere else in hope of finding an opportunity to convert him to Catholicism. He then went to the north of Scotland, where he held a public discussion on...

a Scottish Jesuit. in Scotland Gordon, as a kinsman of King James VI, had influence among the nobility; and he engaged in public discussions with Protestant ministers. For two months he followed the king everywhere else in hope of finding an opportunity to convert him to Catholicism. He then went to the north of Scotland, where he held a public discussion on matters of faith with George Hay and made converts including Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll.

a British novelist and dramatist, daughter of a wine merchant at Retford, where she was born. She is amongst the best known of silver fork writers – authors of the "long" Regency era depicting the gentility and etiquette of high society. Her first novel, Theresa Marchmont, or The Maid of Honour, was published in 1824. Her first major success was Pin Money,...

a British novelist and dramatist, daughter of a wine merchant at Retford, where she was born. She is amongst the best known of silver fork writers – authors of the "long" Regency era depicting the gentility and etiquette of high society. Her first novel, Theresa Marchmont, or The Maid of Honour, was published in 1824. Her first major success was Pin Money, published in 1831, but her most popular and well-known novel was to be Cecil, or Adventures of a Coxcomb published in 1841. Gore also found success as a playwright, writing eleven plays that made their way to the London stage, though her plays never quite became as famous as her witty novels.

an Italian antiquarian, a priest in minor orders, provost of the Baptistery of San Giovanni from 1746, and a professor at the Liceo, whose numerous publications of ancient Roman sculpture and antiquities formed part of the repertory on which 18th-century scholarship as well as the artistic movement of neoclassicism were based. In 1735 he was a founding membe...

an Italian antiquarian, a priest in minor orders, provost of the Baptistery of San Giovanni from 1746, and a professor at the Liceo, whose numerous publications of ancient Roman sculpture and antiquities formed part of the repertory on which 18th-century scholarship as well as the artistic movement of neoclassicism were based. In 1735 he was a founding member of a circle of antiquaries and connoisseurs in Florence called the Società Colombaria, the predecessor of the Accademia Toscana di Scienze e Lettere la Colombaria, to foster "not only Tuscan Poetry and Eloquence, or one faculty only; but almost all the most distinguished and useful parts of human knowledge: in a word, it is what the Greeks called Encyclopedia".

a Mexican Spanish writer, dramatist and diplomat. The first taste of Gorostiza was, as always, the theater, for which he wrote, from his youth, comedies of manners that place next to Leandro Fernandez de Moratín and of Bretón of the Blacksmiths in the cultivation of neoclassical comedy. He was the son of Pedro Fernández de Gorostiza, governor of the port...

a Mexican Spanish writer, dramatist and diplomat. The first taste of Gorostiza was, as always, the theater, for which he wrote, from his youth, comedies of manners that place next to Leandro Fernandez de Moratín and of Bretón of the Blacksmiths in the cultivation of neoclassical comedy. He was the son of Pedro Fernández de Gorostiza, governor of the port of Veracruz, and the poet Rosario Cepeda.

an English satirist. He is said to have been an actor, and by his own confession he wrote plays, for he speaks of Catiline's Conspiracies as a "Pig of mine own Sowe." Because of their moral standpoint, he excludes such plays as these from the general condemnation of stage plays in his Schoole of Abuse, containing a pleasant invective against Poets, Pipers, ...

an English satirist. He is said to have been an actor, and by his own confession he wrote plays, for he speaks of Catiline's Conspiracies as a "Pig of mine own Sowe." Because of their moral standpoint, he excludes such plays as these from the general condemnation of stage plays in his Schoole of Abuse, containing a pleasant invective against Poets, Pipers, Plaiers, Jesters and such like Caterpillars of the Commonwealth (1579).

an English politician who sat in the House of Commons of England between 1645 and 1648 and between 1660 and 1661. He was a student at St Catharine's College, Cambridge in 1630 and was awarded BA in 1633. He entered Gray's Inn in 1633 and was called to the bar in 1640. Gott wrote several religious works, including (so it is claimed) the Nova Solyma which was ...

an English politician who sat in the House of Commons of England between 1645 and 1648 and between 1660 and 1661. He was a student at St Catharine's College, Cambridge in 1630 and was awarded BA in 1633. He entered Gray's Inn in 1633 and was called to the bar in 1640. Gott wrote several religious works, including (so it is claimed) the Nova Solyma which was at one time attributed to John Milton.

a German philosopher, author, and critic. For about thirty years, he exercised an almost undisputed literary dictatorship in Germany. But by his later years, his name had become a by-word for foolish pedantry. Gottsched's chief work was his Versuch einer kritischen Dichtkunst für die Deutschen (1730), the first systematic treatise in German on the art of po...

a German philosopher, author, and critic. For about thirty years, he exercised an almost undisputed literary dictatorship in Germany. But by his later years, his name had become a by-word for foolish pedantry. Gottsched's chief work was his Versuch einer kritischen Dichtkunst für die Deutschen (1730), the first systematic treatise in German on the art of poetry from the standpoint of Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux. His Ausführliche Redekunst (1728) and his Grundlegung einer deutschen Sprachkunst (1748) were of importance for the development of German style and the purification of the language. He wrote several plays which were long popular on the stage.

a German poet, playwright, essayist, and translator, and is often considered one of the founders of modern German theatrical comedy. She wrote several popular comedies, of which Das Testament is the best, and translated The Spectator (9 volumes, 1739–1743), Alex...

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a German poet, playwright, essayist, and translator, and is often considered one of the founders of modern German theatrical comedy. She wrote several popular comedies, of which Das Testament is the best, and translated The Spectator (9 volumes, 1739–1743), Alexander Pope's Rape of the Lock (1744) and other English and French works. After her death her husband edited her Sämtliche kleinere Gedichte with a memoir (1763).

a French abbé and littérateur. He studied at the College of the Jesuits, and at the Collège Mazarin, but he nevertheless became a strong Jansenist. In 1705 he assumed the ecclesiastical habit, in 1719 entered the order of Oratorians, and soon afterwards was named canon of St Jacques l'Hôpital. He is the author of Supplement au dictionnaire de Morri (1735...

a French abbé and littérateur. He studied at the College of the Jesuits, and at the Collège Mazarin, but he nevertheless became a strong Jansenist. In 1705 he assumed the ecclesiastical habit, in 1719 entered the order of Oratorians, and soon afterwards was named canon of St Jacques l'Hôpital. He is the author of Supplement au dictionnaire de Morri (1735), and a Nouveau Supplement to a subsequent edition of the work, among others.

a Church of England clergyman and lexicographer whose Latin-English dictionary (1664) went through several editions. Gouldman was also one of the directors who oversaw the publication of the monumental Critici sacri, a major collection of Biblical criticism. A Copious Dictionary in Three Parts provided explanations and etymologies, though criticized as rambl...

a Church of England clergyman and lexicographer whose Latin-English dictionary (1664) went through several editions. Gouldman was also one of the directors who oversaw the publication of the monumental Critici sacri, a major collection of Biblical criticism. A Copious Dictionary in Three Parts provided explanations and etymologies, though criticized as rambling and obscure by his successor and rival, Elisha Coles. The second edition was published in 1669, with a third in 1674 and a fourth in 1678.

an English physician, scholar, and founder of the Goulstonian Lectures. In 1619 he published in London Versio Latina et Paraphrasis in Aristotelis Rhetoricam, with a dedication to Prince Charles in Latin prose, and his notes and Latin version were reprinted in the edition of the Greek text published at Cambridge in 1696. In 1623 he published Aristotelis de P...

an English physician, scholar, and founder of the Goulstonian Lectures. In 1619 he published in London Versio Latina et Paraphrasis in Aristotelis Rhetoricam, with a dedication to Prince Charles in Latin prose, and his notes and Latin version were reprinted in the edition of the Greek text published at Cambridge in 1696. In 1623 he published Aristotelis de Poetica liber Latine conversus et analytica methodo illustratus, with a dedication in Latin verse to Prince Charles. This was later edited by James Upton. He also wrote Versio, variae lectiones, et annotationes criticae in opuscula varia Galeni, which was published in 1640, with a preface by his friend Thomas Gataker.

a French writer, who wrote a novel and a number of other literary compositions, including two protofeminist works, The Equality of Men and Women (1622) and The Ladies' Grievance (Les femmes et Grief des dames, 1626). In her novel Le Promenoir de M. de Montaigne qui traite de l’amour dans l’œuvre de Plutarque she explored the dangers women face when they...

a French writer, who wrote a novel and a number of other literary compositions, including two protofeminist works, The Equality of Men and Women (1622) and The Ladies' Grievance (Les femmes et Grief des dames, 1626). In her novel Le Promenoir de M. de Montaigne qui traite de l’amour dans l’œuvre de Plutarque she explored the dangers women face when they become dependent on men. She insisted that women should be educated.

a Portuguese humanist and educator during the Renaissance. He wrote literary and philosophical works, having correspondeded with most of the writers of his time. His works dealt mainly with law, but also poetry, fruit of time he spent editing and translating classical sources in search of the original meaning. Although sympathetic to Lutheranism and once acc...

a Portuguese humanist and educator during the Renaissance. He wrote literary and philosophical works, having correspondeded with most of the writers of his time. His works dealt mainly with law, but also poetry, fruit of time he spent editing and translating classical sources in search of the original meaning. Although sympathetic to Lutheranism and once accused of being an atheist by John Calvin, he returned to Catholic orthodoxy.

a Scottish woman who was tried for witchcraft in 1662. Her detailed confession, apparently achieved without the use of torture, provides one of the most detailed insights into European witchcraft folklore at the end of the era of witch-hunts. A young housewife living at Auldearn, Highland, Scotland, her confession painted a wild word-picture about the deeds ...

a Scottish woman who was tried for witchcraft in 1662. Her detailed confession, apparently achieved without the use of torture, provides one of the most detailed insights into European witchcraft folklore at the end of the era of witch-hunts. A young housewife living at Auldearn, Highland, Scotland, her confession painted a wild word-picture about the deeds of her coven. They were claimed to have the ability to transform themselves into animals. She allegedly was entertained by the Queen of the Fairies, also known as the Queen of Elphame, in her home "under the hills". There is no record of Gowdie being executed.

the King's Printer under Henry VIII and Edward VI. He was a member of the Grocers' Company and MP for Coventry elected 1562-63. he printed a proclamation of the accession of Lady more

the King's Printer under Henry VIII and Edward VI. He was a member of the Grocers' Company and MP for Coventry elected 1562-63. he printed a proclamation of the accession of Lady Jane Grey, in which he signed himself "Printer to the Queen." For this he was cast into prison by Mary I. John Cawood became Queen's Printer, and Grafton's career as a printer ended. In prison Grafton compiled an Abridgement of the Chronicles of England, which he published in 1563. To this he added in 1568–9 A Chronicle at Large. Neither holds a high place as authorities, as they lack original material.

an Irish astronomer/computer. He discovered the asteroid 9 Metis in 1848 whilst employed at Markree Observatory in County Sligo. He later worked on the Markree Catalogue, which consists of observations of about sixty thousand stars along the ecliptic taken between August 8, 1848 and 27 March 1856 and was published in four Volumes over the years 1851, 1853, 1...

an Irish astronomer/computer. He discovered the asteroid 9 Metis in 1848 whilst employed at Markree Observatory in County Sligo. He later worked on the Markree Catalogue, which consists of observations of about sixty thousand stars along the ecliptic taken between August 8, 1848 and 27 March 1856 and was published in four Volumes over the years 1851, 1853, 1854, 1856 respectively.

an English poet and physician. Graile was born at Gloucester about 1577. He matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, on 10 February 1592 – 1593, graduated B.A. in February 1594-5, and M.A. in 1600. He was afterwards physician of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Gloucester. He was author of Little Timothie, his Lesson, a Summarie relation of the Historicall par...

an English poet and physician. Graile was born at Gloucester about 1577. He matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, on 10 February 1592 – 1593, graduated B.A. in February 1594-5, and M.A. in 1600. He was afterwards physician of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Gloucester. He was author of Little Timothie, his Lesson, a Summarie relation of the Historicall part of Holy Scripture, plainely and familiarly comprized in meeter, London, 1611, 8vo, dedicated to the president and governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Gloucester. Verses to Sir William Throckmorton and his wife are prefixed.

a Swedish writer, a playwright, a feminist and a translator, who wrote plays for mainly the theatre Mindre teatern in Stockholm in the mid-19th century. She was praised as a great dramatic by her contemporaries. Jeanette was born child of the writer and actor Per Adolf Granberg and was from 1849 and forwards active as a translator and a writer of plays for t...

a Swedish writer, a playwright, a feminist and a translator, who wrote plays for mainly the theatre Mindre teatern in Stockholm in the mid-19th century. She was praised as a great dramatic by her contemporaries. Jeanette was born child of the writer and actor Per Adolf Granberg and was from 1849 and forwards active as a translator and a writer of plays for the theatre. She debuted with the play Filantropen in 1847 and several of her plays were performed in the 1850-51 season.

a Swedish playwright, translator and theatre director. Granberg was born in Stockholm, the daughter of the actor and writer Per Adolf Granberg and the sister of the playwright Jeanette Granberg. From 1849 forward, she translated and wrote plays, sometimes jointly with her sister, under the name Carl Blink. The season 1860–61, her play Johan Fredman was sta...

a Swedish playwright, translator and theatre director. Granberg was born in Stockholm, the daughter of the actor and writer Per Adolf Granberg and the sister of the playwright Jeanette Granberg. From 1849 forward, she translated and wrote plays, sometimes jointly with her sister, under the name Carl Blink. The season 1860–61, her play Johan Fredman was staged at Mindre teatern in Stockholm.

a Swedish writer. As a writer, he was very productive. He noticed the first time for scripture memorial to over-regent Sten Sture the Elder who received a prize from the Swedish Academy 1803rd After this, he was very diligent with a variety of writings on Swedish history, including three volumes of the Kalmar Union and an English primarily dictionary. His op...

a Swedish writer. As a writer, he was very productive. He noticed the first time for scripture memorial to over-regent Sten Sture the Elder who received a prize from the Swedish Academy 1803rd After this, he was very diligent with a variety of writings on Swedish history, including three volumes of the Kalmar Union and an English primarily dictionary. His opera Jorund awarded a prize by the Swedish Academy in 1812.

an African-American author, abolitionist, and, for more than the first four decades of his life, an enslaved person. He dictated a narrative of his life, Narrative of the Life of Moses Grandy, Late a Slave in the United States of America, with the intention of buying the freedom of additional family members. His slave narrative, and others, read in the Unite...

an African-American author, abolitionist, and, for more than the first four decades of his life, an enslaved person. He dictated a narrative of his life, Narrative of the Life of Moses Grandy, Late a Slave in the United States of America, with the intention of buying the freedom of additional family members. His slave narrative, and others, read in the United States and overseas, helped to bring awareness of slavery and fuel the abolitionist movement.

an English clergyman and divine. In 1834 he was ordained, and two years later became curate of Chelmsford; from 1838 to 1862 he was vicar of Romford, Essex, and from 1862 to 1877 vicar of Aylesford, Kent. In 1843 he was Bampton lecturer at Oxford University, and delivered a course entitled The Past and Prospective Extension of the Gospel by Missions to the H...

an English clergyman and divine. In 1834 he was ordained, and two years later became curate of Chelmsford; from 1838 to 1862 he was vicar of Romford, Essex, and from 1862 to 1877 vicar of Aylesford, Kent. In 1843 he was Bampton lecturer at Oxford University, and delivered a course entitled The Past and Prospective Extension of the Gospel by Missions to the Heathen, London, 1844. These lectures created a powerful impression, and their publication marks an epoch in the history of mission work. Besides his Bampton lectures and a few separate sermons, Grant published several books on diverse subjects.

the first American missionary to Persia. He was born at Marshall, N. Y., studied medicine at Pittsfield, Mass., and practiced in Utica, N. Y. In 1835 he went as a missionary with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to Persia, settled at Urmia and worked among the Nestorians there and elsewhere in the Mid East. He died in Mosul, Turkey. H...

the first American missionary to Persia. He was born at Marshall, N. Y., studied medicine at Pittsfield, Mass., and practiced in Utica, N. Y. In 1835 he went as a missionary with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to Persia, settled at Urmia and worked among the Nestorians there and elsewhere in the Mid East. He died in Mosul, Turkey. He was a daring adventurer throughout the Middle East, but had little success in converting the fierce Nestorians. Like David Livingstone before him (although not as famous), Grant thrilled western audiences with his adventures and inspired a number of biographies.