a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter active in France and Italy. His work is sometimes confused with that of his brother Engel van der Cabel (1641-after 1695), also known as Ange or Angelo. Engel accompanied his brother on his travels and they both married on the same day. Like his brother, Engel became a member of the Bentvueghels with the nickname Corydon,...

a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter active in France and Italy. His work is sometimes confused with that of his brother Engel van der Cabel (1641-after 1695), also known as Ange or Angelo. Engel accompanied his brother on his travels and they both married on the same day. Like his brother, Engel became a member of the Bentvueghels with the nickname Corydon, and he moved with him to Lyons, where in the year 1672, he became a 'Maître-Garde' of the Guild of Saint Luke there.

a Spanish draftsman and painter. Born in Almadén, he studied under Juan Carreño de Miranda, court painter to Charles II of Spain; Cabezalero lived at Carreño de Miranda's house until 1666. Both he and Carreño were influenced by Van Dyck. Few works by Cabezalero have survived. His surviving works include his St Jerome (1666, Meadows Museum, Southern Metho...

a Spanish draftsman and painter. Born in Almadén, he studied under Juan Carreño de Miranda, court painter to Charles II of Spain; Cabezalero lived at Carreño de Miranda's house until 1666. Both he and Carreño were influenced by Van Dyck. Few works by Cabezalero have survived. His surviving works include his St Jerome (1666, Meadows Museum, Southern Methodist University, Dallas) and the Assumption of the Virgin (ca. 1670; Madrid, Prado). The latter had been formerly attributed to Mateo Cerezo, also a pupil of Carreño de Miranda. Antonio Palomino praises Cabezalero's modest, studious nature and laments that he died young.

a German pastel painter of portraits. Caffé was born in Küstrin, and began his career as a painter of architectural decoration. He traveled to Dresden, where he became a portrait artist. In this way gained access into the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts under Casanova. He was influenced by the neoclassical work of Mengs. After ten years in Dresden, he moved t...

a German pastel painter of portraits. Caffé was born in Küstrin, and began his career as a painter of architectural decoration. He traveled to Dresden, where he became a portrait artist. In this way gained access into the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts under Casanova. He was influenced by the neoclassical work of Mengs. After ten years in Dresden, he moved to Leipzig. He was favored by requests from Russian patrons, including Prince Beloselski and Admiral Fyodor Grigoryevich Orloff. He was also known for copying works from Dresden Gallery. He died in Leipzig,

a German portrait painter, who used an encaustic technique. He painted some portraits for Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim's "Temple of Friendship", a collection of paintings of the poet's friends (totalling more than 120 by the time of his death) that he kept in two rooms in his home in Halberstadt. Lambert published the results of his researches in 1772 as Besc...

a German portrait painter, who used an encaustic technique. He painted some portraits for Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim's "Temple of Friendship", a collection of paintings of the poet's friends (totalling more than 120 by the time of his death) that he kept in two rooms in his home in Halberstadt. Lambert published the results of his researches in 1772 as Beschreibung einer mit dem Calauischen Wachse ausgemalten Farbenpyramide ("Description of a colour pyramid painted with Calau's wax").

a German-born Italian painter. Giorgio Vasari, Karel van Mander, and others credit Calcar with the eleven large woodcut illustrations of anatomical studies wh...

a German-born Italian painter. Giorgio Vasari, Karel van Mander, and others credit Calcar with the eleven large woodcut illustrations of anatomical studies which accompanied Andreas Vesalius's work on anatomy. Calcar is also said to have drawn the portraits of the artists in the early edition of Vasari's Lives. By some writers he has been declared to have been a close imitator of Giorgione; all who write about him unite in stating that his imitations of the works of the great Venetian artists, and also of Raphael, were so extraordinary that they deceived many critics of the day.

a Dutch artist born in Nijmegen. His drawings are more esteemed than his pictures; they are purchased at considerable prices in the Netherlands, where they are found in the choicest collections. It is believed that he occasionally worked in conjunction with Bakhuisen. A series of views from his drawings, chiefly representing scenes on the Rhine, have been pu...

a Dutch artist born in Nijmegen. His drawings are more esteemed than his pictures; they are purchased at considerable prices in the Netherlands, where they are found in the choicest collections. It is believed that he occasionally worked in conjunction with Bakhuisen. A series of views from his drawings, chiefly representing scenes on the Rhine, have been published by Schenk. He was also clever as an engraver, his plates being principally landscapes from his own designs.

an English landscape painter. His preference for landscape, including river and coast scenery, soon showed itself, and after 1804 he exhibited nothing but landscapes for many years. The skill of his execution, the elegance of his design, and the charming tone of his works caused his reputation to rise steadily. In 1806 he was elected an associate of the Roya...

an English landscape painter. His preference for landscape, including river and coast scenery, soon showed itself, and after 1804 he exhibited nothing but landscapes for many years. The skill of his execution, the elegance of his design, and the charming tone of his works caused his reputation to rise steadily. In 1806 he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, and in 1810 a royal academician.

a Spanish painter, born at Rioja. He was so successful in his early efforts that he was soon appointed by King Philip V to a post of honour. Ferdinand VI in 1752 made him first Director of the newly founded Academy at Madrid, and he established a school of some repute. His best works are in the churches of Santa Cruz and of San Felipe el Real at Madrid. He d...

a Spanish painter, born at Rioja. He was so successful in his early efforts that he was soon appointed by King Philip V to a post of honour. Ferdinand VI in 1752 made him first Director of the newly founded Academy at Madrid, and he established a school of some repute. His best works are in the churches of Santa Cruz and of San Felipe el Real at Madrid. He died in Madrid.

a baroque printmaker and draftsman from the Duchy of Lorraine. He is an important person in the development of the old master print. He made more than 1,400 etchings that chronicled the life of his period, featuring soldiers, clowns, drunkards, Gypsies, beggars, as well as court life. He also etched many religious and military images, and many prints feature...

a baroque printmaker and draftsman from the Duchy of Lorraine. He is an important person in the development of the old master print. He made more than 1,400 etchings that chronicled the life of his period, featuring soldiers, clowns, drunkards, Gypsies, beggars, as well as court life. He also etched many religious and military images, and many prints featured extensive landscapes in their background.

a Dutch Golden Age painter and engraver. He resided throughout his life in Dordrecht, and may have been a pupil of Aelbert Cuyp, who was a generation older. Cuyp's signature was often forged on top of Calraet's paintings. Calraet is known today for still life pieces with fruit, and recently also for landscapes with horses. He was the teacher of his younger b...

a Dutch Golden Age painter and engraver. He resided throughout his life in Dordrecht, and may have been a pupil of Aelbert Cuyp, who was a generation older. Cuyp's signature was often forged on top of Calraet's paintings. Calraet is known today for still life pieces with fruit, and recently also for landscapes with horses. He was the teacher of his younger brother, the landscape painter Barent van Kalraet.

a Flemish painter born at Antwerp, who lived in Italy for most of his life. Calvaert was a profound student of architecture, anatomy, and history, his works are characterized by their advanced composition and colouring. Calvaert typically used chiaroscuro techniques to set stylized foreground figures derived from Correggio against northern European landscape...

a Flemish painter born at Antwerp, who lived in Italy for most of his life. Calvaert was a profound student of architecture, anatomy, and history, his works are characterized by their advanced composition and colouring. Calvaert typically used chiaroscuro techniques to set stylized foreground figures derived from Correggio against northern European landscapes. His use of colour also reflects the influence of Barocci.

an English printmaker and painter. His early visionary work was greatly inspired by William Blake, and he become a member of the Blake-influenced group known as The Ancients which met at Samuel Palmer's in Shoreham, Kent in the later 1820s and early 1830s. Amongst Calvert's finest works are exquisite miniature wood engravings which date from this early perio...

an English printmaker and painter. His early visionary work was greatly inspired by William Blake, and he become a member of the Blake-influenced group known as The Ancients which met at Samuel Palmer's in Shoreham, Kent in the later 1820s and early 1830s. Amongst Calvert's finest works are exquisite miniature wood engravings which date from this early period; his wood and copper engravings all date from 1827–31

a Flemish painter of the Renaissance period, mainly active in Italy and Spain. Between 1537 and 1562 he was associated with Luis de Vargas and the Italian sculptor Torregiano in establishing a school of painting in Seville, which eventually became the academy of the place. He painted for the monastery of St. Mary of Grace, Church of Santa Cruz, in the city, ...

a Flemish painter of the Renaissance period, mainly active in Italy and Spain. Between 1537 and 1562 he was associated with Luis de Vargas and the Italian sculptor Torregiano in establishing a school of painting in Seville, which eventually became the academy of the place. He painted for the monastery of St. Mary of Grace, Church of Santa Cruz, in the city, an altar-piece representing the Descent from the Cross (1548), which is now in the cathedral.

a German painter, was born and died at Düsseldorf. As an historical and battle painter he rapidly became popular, and in 1859 was made professor of painting at the Düsseldorf Academy, together with other later distinctions. His Flight of Tilly (1841), Prince Eugene of Savoy at the Battle of Belgrade (1843), Flight of Charles II after the Battle of Worceste...

a German painter, was born and died at Düsseldorf. As an historical and battle painter he rapidly became popular, and in 1859 was made professor of painting at the Düsseldorf Academy, together with other later distinctions. His Flight of Tilly (1841), Prince Eugene of Savoy at the Battle of Belgrade (1843), Flight of Charles II after the Battle of Worcester, and Cromwell's Cavalry are his principal earlier pictures. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.

a Dutch animal painter, whose style was influenced by Paulus Potter. Born in Dokkum and died in Amsterdam. In 1643 he painted portraits. He portrayed queen Hedvig Eleonora in Stockholm, but Camphuyzen is most famous for his stables, with farmers and farmers' wiv...

a Dutch animal painter, whose style was influenced by Paulus Potter. Born in Dokkum and died in Amsterdam. In 1643 he painted portraits. He portrayed queen Hedvig Eleonora in Stockholm, but Camphuyzen is most famous for his stables, with farmers and farmers' wives.

an Italian painter of landscapes, or vedute, of Venice. He was also an important printmaker in etching. Canaletto, together with Giambattista Pittoni, Giovan Battista Tiepolo, Giovan Battista Piazzetta, Giuseppe Crespi and Francesco Guardi forms the ultimate gr...

an Italian painter of landscapes, or vedute, of Venice. He was also an important printmaker in etching. Canaletto, together with Giambattista Pittoni, Giovan Battista Tiepolo, Giovan Battista Piazzetta, Giuseppe Crespi and Francesco Guardi forms the ultimate group of Venetian old master painters. He is noted particularly for his highly detailed paintings of cities, esp Venice, which are marked by strong contrasts of light and shade.

a Spanish painter, architect and sculptor. He was made first royal architect, painter to Philip IV, and instructor to the prince, Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias. He was notorious for his ungovernable temper; and it is said that once he risked his life by com...

a Spanish painter, architect and sculptor. He was made first royal architect, painter to Philip IV, and instructor to the prince, Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias. He was notorious for his ungovernable temper; and it is said that once he risked his life by committing the then capital offence of dashing to pieces the statue of a saint, when in a rage with the purchaser who begrudged the price he demanded.

an Italian artist and important Neapolitan follower of Caravaggio. Caracciolo, only five years younger than Caravaggio, was among the first there to adopt the startling new style with its sombre palette, dramatic tenebrism, and sculptural figures in a shallow pictur...

an Italian artist and important Neapolitan follower of Caravaggio. Caracciolo, only five years younger than Caravaggio, was among the first there to adopt the startling new style with its sombre palette, dramatic tenebrism, and sculptural figures in a shallow picture plane defined by light rather than by perspective. He is considered to be the solitary founder of the Neapolitan school of Caravaggism.

an Italian painter active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily. His paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence on Baroque painting. His influential works, such as The Entombment of Christ (1602-1603) are marked by intense realism and revolutionary ...

an Italian painter active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily. His paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence on Baroque painting. His influential works, such as The Entombment of Christ (1602-1603) are marked by intense realism and revolutionary use of light.

an Italian painter of the Mannerist period, "arguably the most gifted and certainly the least conventional of Raphael's pupils", who was best known for his now-vanished paintings on the facades of Roman houses. Also considered one of the most original and innovative artists of the mid-16th century, his works are very individual in style, extremely free in t...

an Italian painter of the Mannerist period, "arguably the most gifted and certainly the least conventional of Raphael's pupils", who was best known for his now-vanished paintings on the facades of Roman houses. Also considered one of the most original and innovative artists of the mid-16th century, his works are very individual in style, extremely free in technique, and powerful in expression.

a Spanish painter who adopted Flemish painting techniques and conventions. Beyond his skill in oil glaze painting, Bermejo's distinctive style can be seen in his physical types, a lively sense of drama in his narrative scenes, and above all in his attention to landscape. Bermejo's distinctive style had a considerable influence, particularly in Aragon, where ...

a Spanish painter who adopted Flemish painting techniques and conventions. Beyond his skill in oil glaze painting, Bermejo's distinctive style can be seen in his physical types, a lively sense of drama in his narrative scenes, and above all in his attention to landscape. Bermejo's distinctive style had a considerable influence, particularly in Aragon, where it was widely disseminated in the prolific studio of Martín Bernat. No one at this time, however, could duplicate his landscapes.

a Spanish draughtsman and artist. He was born in 1766 in Écija, Spain. He is most remembered for his work on the expedition of Alessandro Malaspina and the related expedition of Dionisio Alcalá Galiano. During the Galiano voyage Cordero Channel was named in his honor. Other places in British Columbia were later named in his honor as well, including Dibuxan...

a Spanish draughtsman and artist. He was born in 1766 in Écija, Spain. He is most remembered for his work on the expedition of Alessandro Malaspina and the related expedition of Dionisio Alcalá Galiano. During the Galiano voyage Cordero Channel was named in his honor. Other places in British Columbia were later named in his honor as well, including Dibuxante Point, "dibuxante" being Spanish for "draughtsman". Nothing is known about Cardero's life until he sailed with Malaspina in 1789. He was a member of the crew of Malaspina's corvette, the Descubierta, perhaps as a servant. He showed an aptitude for drawing early in the voyage and after Juan del Pozo Bauzá, one of the official artists, was discharged in Peru, Cardero began producing drawings regularly. In 1791, when the expedition was in Acapulco, New Spain (Mexico), Cardero was officially confirmed as an artist and map drawer of the expedition.

an Italian painter and architect of the late Mannerist and early Baroque period, trained and active in his early career in Florence, and spending the last nine years of his life in Rome. He was one of the most influential artists in 17th-century Florence. Cigoli's fame and influence, even prior to coming to Rome, was of such a degree that the Florentine amba...

an Italian painter and architect of the late Mannerist and early Baroque period, trained and active in his early career in Florence, and spending the last nine years of his life in Rome. He was one of the most influential artists in 17th-century Florence. Cigoli's fame and influence, even prior to coming to Rome, was of such a degree that the Florentine ambassador to the city greeted the artist on his arrival to the Eternal City.

a Belgian painter, portraitist and engraver. He was born in Brussels and was the father of artist Anthony Cardon. He was a highly enthusiastic member of Freemasonry, then having great success in the nobility of the Austrian Netherlands - his name is among the first initiates of the "loge de l'Union", and he engraved several Masonic diplomas and emblems. Card...

a Belgian painter, portraitist and engraver. He was born in Brussels and was the father of artist Anthony Cardon. He was a highly enthusiastic member of Freemasonry, then having great success in the nobility of the Austrian Netherlands - his name is among the first initiates of the "loge de l'Union", and he engraved several Masonic diplomas and emblems. Cardon died in Brussels.

an Italian painter. He was born in Florence, where he studied architecture and sculpture under Bartolomeo Ammanati, and painting under Federico Zuccari. H...

an Italian painter. He was born in Florence, where he studied architecture and sculpture under Bartolomeo Ammanati, and painting under Federico Zuccari. He assisted Zuccari and Giorgio Vasari in the decoration of the cupola of the Duomo of Florence. He died in Spain, where most of his works are to be found.

an Italian painter. He Initially painted some works at Valladolid and helped his brother in painting at the Escorial for Philip II of Spain. When finished, he was employed for four years by the monks of the Chartreuse of el Paular to decorate their monastery with 54 canvases of historical figures the great cloister. He worked a great deal for the subsequent ...

an Italian painter. He Initially painted some works at Valladolid and helped his brother in painting at the Escorial for Philip II of Spain. When finished, he was employed for four years by the monks of the Chartreuse of el Paular to decorate their monastery with 54 canvases of historical figures the great cloister. He worked a great deal for the subsequent monarch, Philip IV, and his best pictures are those he executed for him as decorations in the Prado.

a Spanish Baroque painter. He received his initial artistic education from his father, but later went to Madrid, where he studied under of Alonso Cano. His most important works were the Life of the Virgin, in the chapel of San Isidoro in the church of St. Andrew, and the celebrated Porciuncula, for the church of San Francisco at Segovia, now in the collecti...

a Spanish Baroque painter. He received his initial artistic education from his father, but later went to Madrid, where he studied under of Alonso Cano. His most important works were the Life of the Virgin, in the chapel of San Isidoro in the church of St. Andrew, and the celebrated Porciuncula, for the church of San Francisco at Segovia, now in the collection of the Prado in Madrid. He died at Madrid.

a French master glassmaker, illustrator, Northern Mannerist painter and a product of the School of Fontainebleau. He is one of the few French painters of his time who had a pronounced artistic personality. His work reflects the refined, although highly unstable, atmosphere at the court of the House of Valois during the French Wars of Religion of 1560 to 1598...

a French master glassmaker, illustrator, Northern Mannerist painter and a product of the School of Fontainebleau. He is one of the few French painters of his time who had a pronounced artistic personality. His work reflects the refined, although highly unstable, atmosphere at the court of the House of Valois during the French Wars of Religion of 1560 to 1598.

a Venetian painter of the Venetian school, who studied under Gentile Bellini. He is best known for a cycle of nine paintings, The Legend of Saint Ursula. His style was somewhat conservative, showing little influence from the Humanist trends that transformed Ita...

a Venetian painter of the Venetian school, who studied under Gentile Bellini. He is best known for a cycle of nine paintings, The Legend of Saint Ursula. His style was somewhat conservative, showing little influence from the Humanist trends that transformed Italian Renaissance painting during his lifetime. He was influenced by the style of Antonello da Messina and Early Netherlandish art. For this reason, and also because so much of his best work remains in Venice, his art has been rather neglected by comparison with other Venetian contemporaries, such as Giovanni Bellini or Giorgione.

a French sculptor and painter during the Second Empire under Napoleon III. Carpeaux entered the École des Beaux-Arts in 1844 and won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verroc...

a French sculptor and painter during the Second Empire under Napoleon III. Carpeaux entered the École des Beaux-Arts in 1844 and won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition.

an Italian painter and printmaker. He was the brother of the more famous Annibale and cousin of Lodovico Carracci. He posited the ideal in nature, and was the founder of the competing school to the more gritty view of nature as expressed by Caravaggio. He was one of...

an Italian painter and printmaker. He was the brother of the more famous Annibale and cousin of Lodovico Carracci. He posited the ideal in nature, and was the founder of the competing school to the more gritty view of nature as expressed by Caravaggio. He was one of the founders of the Accademia degli Incamminati along with his brother, Annibale Carracci, and cousin, Ludovico Carracci. The academy helped propel painters of the School of Bologna to prominence.

an Italian Baroque painter. In 1587–88, Annibale is known to have had travelled to Parma and then Venice, where he joined his brother Agostino. From 1589 to 1592, the three Carracci brothers completed the frescoes on the Founding of Rome for Palazzo Magnani in Bologna. By 1593, Annibale had completed an altarpiece, Virgin on the throne with St John and St ...

an Italian Baroque painter. In 1587–88, Annibale is known to have had travelled to Parma and then Venice, where he joined his brother Agostino. From 1589 to 1592, the three Carracci brothers completed the frescoes on the Founding of Rome for Palazzo Magnani in Bologna. By 1593, Annibale had completed an altarpiece, Virgin on the throne with St John and St Catherine, in collaboration with Lucio Massari.

a Spanish painter of the Baroque period. He trained in Madrid during the late 1620s as an apprentice to Pedro de Las Cuevas and Bartolomé Román. In 1658 Carreño was hired as an assistant on a royal commission to paint frescoes in the Alcázar of Madrid;...

a Spanish painter of the Baroque period. He trained in Madrid during the late 1620s as an apprentice to Pedro de Las Cuevas and Bartolomé Román. In 1658 Carreño was hired as an assistant on a royal commission to paint frescoes in the Alcázar of Madrid; later destroyed in a fire in 1734. In 1671, upon the death of Sebastian de Herrera, he was appointed court painter to the queen (pintor de cámara) and began to paint primarily portraits.

a Venetian Rococo painter. In her younger years, she specialized in portrait miniatures. She later became known for her pastel work, a medium appealing to Rococo styles for its soft edges and flattering surfaces. As snuff-taking became popular, Carriera began painting miniatures for the lids of snuff-boxes, and was the first painter to use ivory for this pur...

a Venetian Rococo painter. In her younger years, she specialized in portrait miniatures. She later became known for her pastel work, a medium appealing to Rococo styles for its soft edges and flattering surfaces. As snuff-taking became popular, Carriera began painting miniatures for the lids of snuff-boxes, and was the first painter to use ivory for this purpose. Gradually, this work evolved into portrait-painting, for which she pioneered the exclusive use of pastel. Prominent foreign visitors to Venice, young sons of the nobility on the grand tour and diplomats for example, clamored to be painted by her.

a Danish-German painter, one of the most committed artists of German Neoclassicism. His career was erratic, partly because of his difficult personality, and the majority of his large projects were left incomplete, or subsequently destroyed. Much of what survives is in the form of drawings, many using "a schematic, pale colouring as a timid and humble accesso...

a Danish-German painter, one of the most committed artists of German Neoclassicism. His career was erratic, partly because of his difficult personality, and the majority of his large projects were left incomplete, or subsequently destroyed. Much of what survives is in the form of drawings, many using "a schematic, pale colouring as a timid and humble accessory to the dominating figure-drawing", that were planned for large fresco commissions that never materialized.

a German physiologist and painter, born in Leipzig, who played various roles during the Romantic era. A friend of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, he was a many-sided man: a doctor, a naturalist, a scientist, a psychologist, and a landscape painter who s...

a German physiologist and painter, born in Leipzig, who played various roles during the Romantic era. A friend of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, he was a many-sided man: a doctor, a naturalist, a scientist, a psychologist, and a landscape painter who studied under Caspar David Friedrich.

a Spanish painter of the Renaissance period. He painted some lesser works for the monastery in the Escorial. In 1570, for the church of the Escorial, he painted seven large canvases pairing the following saints: Cosme and Damián; Sixto and Elias; Cecilia and Barbara; Bonaventure and Thomas of Aquinus; John Chrisostom and Gregory Nazarene; Ambrosius and Nico...

a Spanish painter of the Renaissance period. He painted some lesser works for the monastery in the Escorial. In 1570, for the church of the Escorial, he painted seven large canvases pairing the following saints: Cosme and Damián; Sixto and Elias; Cecilia and Barbara; Bonaventure and Thomas of Aquinus; John Chrisostom and Gregory Nazarene; Ambrosius and Nicolas of Bari; Leander and Isidore.

a Spanish Baroque painter. Little is known of Castañeda's life outside of his works. In 1607 he is mentioned as absent from a meeting of the Association of Artists of Valencia. No more news of him until 1616, which documented the date of his registration in the local Painters Association. By 1620 he moved to Segorbe (Province of Castellón) to work together...

a Spanish Baroque painter. Little is known of Castañeda's life outside of his works. In 1607 he is mentioned as absent from a meeting of the Association of Artists of Valencia. No more news of him until 1616, which documented the date of his registration in the local Painters Association. By 1620 he moved to Segorbe (Province of Castellón) to work together with Juan de Ribera, and Vicente Castelló in the Augustinian monastery of St. Martin, corresponding to altarpieces of Conception and St. Ursula, completed in 1623.

a Spanish painter of the Baroque period. Castello's style was very similar to the Carducci's, and therefore there have been challenges in identifying attributions. It seems likely he remained several years working as an officer in Carducci's workshop, because until 1633 there is no documentaion of his work as an independent painter. In 1627 he was called for...

a Spanish painter of the Baroque period. Castello's style was very similar to the Carducci's, and therefore there have been challenges in identifying attributions. It seems likely he remained several years working as an officer in Carducci's workshop, because until 1633 there is no documentaion of his work as an independent painter. In 1627 he was called for the second time as Painter to the King position, left vacant now after Bartolomé González y Serrano's death.

a Spanish painter and a leader of the Spanish neoclassicist artistic movement. Many of his paintings were done on tapestries. Castillo made many attempts to become Royal Painter for the Spanish monarchy, but he was never successful. This was not due to a lack of talent, but rather because Castillo allied himself with the wrong nobleman. His patron, the Count...

a Spanish painter and a leader of the Spanish neoclassicist artistic movement. Many of his paintings were done on tapestries. Castillo made many attempts to become Royal Painter for the Spanish monarchy, but he was never successful. This was not due to a lack of talent, but rather because Castillo allied himself with the wrong nobleman. His patron, the Count of Floridablanca, feuded bitterly with the Count of Aranda. The Count of Aranda was favored by King Carlos III, and as a result, Ramón Bayeu (Aranda's favorite painter) became Royal Painter.

a Spanish Baroque painter, sculptor, and poet. He trained in painting under his father Agustín del Castillo, and after his death by a little-known religious painter named Ignacio Aedo Calderón from 1631 to 1634. Later he was taught in Seville by Francisco de Zurbarán and by his uncle Juan del Castillo, who was also teacher of Cano, Murillo and De Moya. In...

a Spanish Baroque painter, sculptor, and poet. He trained in painting under his father Agustín del Castillo, and after his death by a little-known religious painter named Ignacio Aedo Calderón from 1631 to 1634. Later he was taught in Seville by Francisco de Zurbarán and by his uncle Juan del Castillo, who was also teacher of Cano, Murillo and De Moya. In 1635 he returned to Córdoba, where he painted frescoes and oil paintings (such as those in the church of Santa Marina).

Castrejon was born at Madrid. He was a pupil of Francisco Fernandez, and possessed more facility in colouring than skill in drawing. His best works are of small dimensions, but he sometimes painted large altar-pieces, as the Martyrdom of Santa Lucia, in the church of San Felipe el Real at Madrid, which was destroyed by fire in 1718. He painted figures in the...

Castrejon was born at Madrid. He was a pupil of Francisco Fernandez, and possessed more facility in colouring than skill in drawing. His best works are of small dimensions, but he sometimes painted large altar-pieces, as the Martyrdom of Santa Lucia, in the church of San Felipe el Real at Madrid, which was destroyed by fire in 1718. He painted figures in the architectural pieces of Roque Ponce and of Josef Garcia, and groups within the flower-garlands of Gabriel de la Corte. He died at Madrid.

an American painter, author, and traveler who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West. Travelling to the American West five times during the 1830s, Catlin was the first white man to depict Plains Indians in their native territory. His early work included engravings, drawn from nature, of sites along the route of the Erie Canal in New Yor...

an American painter, author, and traveler who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West. Travelling to the American West five times during the 1830s, Catlin was the first white man to depict Plains Indians in their native territory. His early work included engravings, drawn from nature, of sites along the route of the Erie Canal in New York State. Several of his renderings were published in one of the first printed books to use lithography, Cadwallader D. Colden's Memoir, Prepared at the Request of a Committee of the Common Council of the City of New York, and Presented to the Mayor of the City, at the Celebration of the Completion of the New York Canals, published in 1825, with early images of the City of Buffalo.

an excellent draughtsman, who also etched and painted, was born at Altona in 1741. He studied under Abraham Starre and Pieter Louw. He was celebrated for drawing landscapes with animal accessories, his works having a distinct originality, and being marked by a poetical rendering of the features of nature, as well as by careful manipulation. They are often su...

an excellent draughtsman, who also etched and painted, was born at Altona in 1741. He studied under Abraham Starre and Pieter Louw. He was celebrated for drawing landscapes with animal accessories, his works having a distinct originality, and being marked by a poetical rendering of the features of nature, as well as by careful manipulation. They are often suggestive of Adriaan van de Velde and of Berchem, and are highly valued. He also painted some pictures on a smaller scale, and has left ua some etchings. He died at Amsterdam.

a German painter of landscapes and animals, especially domestic fowl. Born in Berlin, he studied in Italy, and was a court painter to Frederick the Great. His work consists of landscapes, including views of Prussian royal castles, and pictures of animals, especially hens and turkeys. His animal paintings show the influence of the Dutch artists more

a German painter of landscapes and animals, especially domestic fowl. Born in Berlin, he studied in Italy, and was a court painter to Frederick the Great. His work consists of landscapes, including views of Prussian royal castles, and pictures of animals, especially hens and turkeys. His animal paintings show the influence of the Dutch artists Melchior d'Hondecoeter and Jan Weenix. The Berlin Museum has a scene representing a poultry-yard by him; there are other examples at Potsdam and at Brunswick.

one of the pioneers of the art genre of courtly gatherings in Flemish painting of the 17th century. In 1594 he became the pupil of Joos de Momper. In 1621 his death duties were paid by the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke, where he had become a master in 1602. He was a follower of Paul Vredeman de Vries known for his architectural pieces. The RKD does not mention a...

one of the pioneers of the art genre of courtly gatherings in Flemish painting of the 17th century. In 1594 he became the pupil of Joos de Momper. In 1621 his death duties were paid by the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke, where he had become a master in 1602. He was a follower of Paul Vredeman de Vries known for his architectural pieces. The RKD does not mention a trip to Italy, though his contemporary Vincent Malo from Cambrai did make such a trip and by that time it was considered an important rite of passage for serious painters.

an Italian caravaggisti painter of the Baroque period active in Spain, alongside his master Giovanni Battista Crescenzi. Bartolomeo Cavarozzi was born at Viterbo, he traveled to Spain with his teacher to help paint and build the Pantheon at the Escorial. He adopted the style of Cristofano Roncalli. He painted a St Ursula and Her Companions with Pope Ciriacus...

an Italian caravaggisti painter of the Baroque period active in Spain, alongside his master Giovanni Battista Crescenzi. Bartolomeo Cavarozzi was born at Viterbo, he traveled to Spain with his teacher to help paint and build the Pantheon at the Escorial. He adopted the style of Cristofano Roncalli. He painted a St Ursula and Her Companions with Pope Ciriacus and St Catherine of Alexandria (1608) for the Confraternità delle Sante Orsola e Caterina. He died in Rome.

a Spanish painter of the Baroque period. Caxés was commissioned by the administration of King Philip III to decorate the room for royal audiences in Madrid, where he painted a Judgment of Solomon in the vault. He was appointed Painter to the King in August 1612. Most of his works were completed in Madrid. Along with Vincenzo Carducci he painted the chapel o...

a Spanish painter of the Baroque period. Caxés was commissioned by the administration of King Philip III to decorate the room for royal audiences in Madrid, where he painted a Judgment of Solomon in the vault. He was appointed Painter to the King in August 1612. Most of his works were completed in Madrid. Along with Vincenzo Carducci he painted the chapel of Our Lady del Sagrario in Toledo, and the canvases of the Retablo Mayor del Monasterio de Guadalupe.

an Italian painter who primarily lived and worked in Spain. His exact date of birth is not known. Caxés was a native of Arezzo. It is not known by whom he was instructed, but he became an artist of sufficient celebrity to be invited to Spain by Philip II, who employed him in the palaces of Madrid. He was commanded to paint the gallery of the queen in the Pa...

an Italian painter who primarily lived and worked in Spain. His exact date of birth is not known. Caxés was a native of Arezzo. It is not known by whom he was instructed, but he became an artist of sufficient celebrity to be invited to Spain by Philip II, who employed him in the palaces of Madrid. He was commanded to paint the gallery of the queen in the Palace of the Pardo, on which occasion he made choice of the very inappropriate subject of the 'Chastity of Joseph.' It was destroyed with many other valuable works of art in the burning of that palace.

a Swedish dilettante artist, salon hostess, and baroness. She was an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts, as well as an honorary member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts. During her first marriage, she spent her days on her husband's estate in the countryside. Bored, she developed her artistic talents in various genres. She wrote poems ...

a Swedish dilettante artist, salon hostess, and baroness. She was an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts, as well as an honorary member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts. During her first marriage, she spent her days on her husband's estate in the countryside. Bored, she developed her artistic talents in various genres. She wrote poems and a novel in the style of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. She drew in ink and Indian ink and painted in oil. She wrote songs and composed music to them, the best known being "Välkommen, o måne, min åldrige vän" (Welcome, oh Moon, my old friend).

a Belgian painter of portraits and historical subjects. He studied under A. Lens at Brussels, and then visited Paris and Italy, where he became a professor of the Academy of St. Luke. He went to Antwerp in 1807, and was appointed in 1820 to the professorship of drawing at Tournai, a post which he resigned in 1827. He subsequently settled at Brussels, where h...

a Belgian painter of portraits and historical subjects. He studied under A. Lens at Brussels, and then visited Paris and Italy, where he became a professor of the Academy of St. Luke. He went to Antwerp in 1807, and was appointed in 1820 to the professorship of drawing at Tournai, a post which he resigned in 1827. He subsequently settled at Brussels, where he resided till his death.

an Italian Renaissance painter active in his native Florence between 1518 and 1538. According to Giorgio Vasari, Ceraiolo was a pupil first of Lorenzo di Credi and then of Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, in whose biography he is mentioned. Vasari singled out Ceraiolo's abilities as a portraitist and mentioned two of his altarpieces, both of which survive at the Museo d...

an Italian Renaissance painter active in his native Florence between 1518 and 1538. According to Giorgio Vasari, Ceraiolo was a pupil first of Lorenzo di Credi and then of Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, in whose biography he is mentioned. Vasari singled out Ceraiolo's abilities as a portraitist and mentioned two of his altarpieces, both of which survive at the Museo del Cenacolo di San Salvi, Florence.

a Spanish painter, poet, and architect. He was in Rome in February 1559, engaged in conducting certain negotiations for the Archbishop Carranza de Miranda, of Toledo, who then stood charged with heresy before the Inquisition of Valladolid. He remained in Italy for over 20 years and built a reputation as an artist. His only surviving works from that period ar...

a Spanish painter, poet, and architect. He was in Rome in February 1559, engaged in conducting certain negotiations for the Archbishop Carranza de Miranda, of Toledo, who then stood charged with heresy before the Inquisition of Valladolid. He remained in Italy for over 20 years and built a reputation as an artist. His only surviving works from that period are the frescoes he painted in the Bonfili chapel at the Santa Trinità dei Monti church in Rome. He returned to Spain in 1577, and was appointed as the canon of the Córdoba cathedral. He continued to write books on antiquarian topics such as the architecture of the temple of Solomon.

a Flemish Baroque painter and teacher. Born in Brussels; died in Paris. He was the nephew of Philippe de Champaigne who moved to Paris to become his pupil in 1643. In 1658 he undertook a trip to Italy to copy the works of Raphael and Titian. When he returned he became a member of the Brussels Guild of Saint Luke, and in 1671 he accepted a post as teacher in ...

a Flemish Baroque painter and teacher. Born in Brussels; died in Paris. He was the nephew of Philippe de Champaigne who moved to Paris to become his pupil in 1643. In 1658 he undertook a trip to Italy to copy the works of Raphael and Titian. When he returned he became a member of the Brussels Guild of Saint Luke, and in 1671 he accepted a post as teacher in the prestigious Académie de peinture et de sculpture in Paris.

a Brabançon-born French Baroque era painter, a major exponent of the French school. He was a founding member of the Académie de peinture et de sculpture. Champaigne produced a very large number of paintings, mainly religious works and portraits. Influenced by Rubens at the beginning of his career, his style later became more austere. Philippe de Champaigne...

a Brabançon-born French Baroque era painter, a major exponent of the French school. He was a founding member of the Académie de peinture et de sculpture. Champaigne produced a very large number of paintings, mainly religious works and portraits. Influenced by Rubens at the beginning of his career, his style later became more austere. Philippe de Champaigne remains an exceptional painter thanks to the brilliance of the colors in his paintings and the stern strength of his compositions.

a painter whose name has become synonymous with White Mountain art of the 19th century. He began his training as a lithographer under celebrated marine artist Fitz Henry Lane at Pendleton's Lithography shop in Boston. Most art historians consider him the founder of the "North Conway Colony" of painters who came to North Conway, New Hampshire and the surround...

a painter whose name has become synonymous with White Mountain art of the 19th century. He began his training as a lithographer under celebrated marine artist Fitz Henry Lane at Pendleton's Lithography shop in Boston. Most art historians consider him the founder of the "North Conway Colony" of painters who came to North Conway, New Hampshire and the surrounding area during the second half of the 19th century. His paintings were often used to make chromolithographs that were subsequently sold to tourists who could not afford Champney's originals. He exhibited regularly at the Boston Athenæum and was a founder of the Boston Art Club.

an American artist known for his portraits, mainly of family members and neighbors, and a few landscapes. He also worked as an ornamental artist. In 1785 Chandler moved to Worcester, Massachusetts, where he remained for five years. He likely made this move to look for new patrons as he was constantly experiencing financial difficulties. Here he also worked a...

an American artist known for his portraits, mainly of family members and neighbors, and a few landscapes. He also worked as an ornamental artist. In 1785 Chandler moved to Worcester, Massachusetts, where he remained for five years. He likely made this move to look for new patrons as he was constantly experiencing financial difficulties. Here he also worked as a house painter.

an American artist famous for Baptism of Pocahontas, which was commissioned by the United States Congress and hangs in the United States Capitol rotunda. Besides historical paintings and portraits, Chapman also produced wood engravings and etchings, and frequently...

an American artist famous for Baptism of Pocahontas, which was commissioned by the United States Congress and hangs in the United States Capitol rotunda. Besides historical paintings and portraits, Chapman also produced wood engravings and etchings, and frequently contributed illustrations to Harper Brothers' publications. Chapman's American Drawing Book, published in 1847, became a standard text for art students.

an 18th-century French painter. He is considered a master of still life, and is also noted for his genre paintings which depict kitchen maids, children, and domestic activities. Carefully balanced composition, soft diffusion of light, and granular impasto characterize his work. Chardin worked very slowly and painted only slightly more than 200 pictures (abou...

an 18th-century French painter. He is considered a master of still life, and is also noted for his genre paintings which depict kitchen maids, children, and domestic activities. Carefully balanced composition, soft diffusion of light, and granular impasto characterize his work. Chardin worked very slowly and painted only slightly more than 200 pictures (about four a year) total. Chardin's work had little in common with the Rococo painting that dominated French art in the 18th century. At a time when history painting was considered the supreme classification for public art, Chardin's subjects of choice were viewed as minor categories.

a French painter. Sometimes known as Mme de Servières, she trained under Lethière and specialized in genre period paintings, and was awarded medals by the Paris Salon of 1808 and 1817 for her work. Her Matilda makes Malek Abdel promise to become a Christian (1812) was engraved by Mme Soyer, whilst the evocative Inez de Castro and her Children at the feet o...

a French painter. Sometimes known as Mme de Servières, she trained under Lethière and specialized in genre period paintings, and was awarded medals by the Paris Salon of 1808 and 1817 for her work. Her Matilda makes Malek Abdel promise to become a Christian (1812) was engraved by Mme Soyer, whilst the evocative Inez de Castro and her Children at the feet of the king of Portugal remains at the Trianon Palace at Versailles, near Paris.

French designer and painter, more especially of military subjects, was born in Paris. His first employment was a minor post in the Paris city administration, where he had to register recruits: he served in the National Guard in 1814, fought bravely at the Barrière de Clichy, and, being thus unacceptable to the Bourbon party, was dismissed from the city adm...

French designer and painter, more especially of military subjects, was born in Paris. His first employment was a minor post in the Paris city administration, where he had to register recruits: he served in the National Guard in 1814, fought bravely at the Barrière de Clichy, and, being thus unacceptable to the Bourbon party, was dismissed from the city administration in 1816. He then, having from a very early age had a propensity for drawing, entered the atelier of the distinguished painter Baron Gros, and soon began issuing the first of those lithographed designs which eventually brought him renown.

a French Romantic painter noted for his portraits, historical and religious paintings, allegorical murals, and Orientalist images inspired by his travels to Algeria. After Ingres left Paris in 1834 to become director of the French Academy in Rome, Chassériau fell under the influence of Eugène Delacroix, whose brand of painterly colorism was anathema to Ing...

a French Romantic painter noted for his portraits, historical and religious paintings, allegorical murals, and Orientalist images inspired by his travels to Algeria. After Ingres left Paris in 1834 to become director of the French Academy in Rome, Chassériau fell under the influence of Eugène Delacroix, whose brand of painterly colorism was anathema to Ingres. Chassériau's art has often been characterized as an attempt to reconcile the classicism of Ingres with the romanticism of Delacroix. He first exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1836, and was awarded a third-place medal in the category of history painting.

Born in London, studied at the Royal Academy Schools. Moved to Ireland in 1796, where he established himself as an artist. Married Marianne Vigne in 1799 and then left her (and two infant children) in 1801. He went to London for a year and then to India, becoming the leading artist of the British community. By 1813 he joined the freemasons. In 1825 he moved ...

Born in London, studied at the Royal Academy Schools. Moved to Ireland in 1796, where he established himself as an artist. Married Marianne Vigne in 1799 and then left her (and two infant children) in 1801. He went to London for a year and then to India, becoming the leading artist of the British community. By 1813 he joined the freemasons. In 1825 he moved to Macau, living there (with some travel to China and Hong Kong) until his death.

a French landscape painter. He was born in Pont-de-Vaux, Ain and grew up in Bresse. In 1838 he moved to Paris, where he began studying under Paul Delaroche in 1842. The following year he met Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, who influenced him profoundl...

a French landscape painter. He was born in Pont-de-Vaux, Ain and grew up in Bresse. In 1838 he moved to Paris, where he began studying under Paul Delaroche in 1842. The following year he met Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, who influenced him profoundly by encouraging him to paint landscape en plein air. In the breadth and simplicity of his execution, and in his attention to capturing light and atmosphere, Chintreuil can be placed alongside Eugène Boudin, Johan Barthold Jongkind, and the painters of the Barbizon school, as an important forerunner of Impressionism.

a Polish—and later German—painter and printmaker with Huguenot ancestry, who is most famous as an etcher. He spent most of his life in Berlin, and became the director of the Berlin Academy of Art. He was admitted to the Berlin Academy in 1764 and became vice-director under more

a Polish—and later German—painter and printmaker with Huguenot ancestry, who is most famous as an etcher. He spent most of his life in Berlin, and became the director of the Berlin Academy of Art. He was admitted to the Berlin Academy in 1764 and became vice-director under Bernhard Rode in 1788. He had found his true calling and became the most famous German graphic artist of his time. His works includes several thousand etchings, usually rather small, and many drawings and paintings. His book illustrations embrace almost all the great classics. His prints represent in great detail the life of the bourgeoisie during the Zopfstil period, a time between Rococo and Classicism.

an American landscape painter born in Hartford, Connecticut. He was a central figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters, perhaps best known for painting large panoramic landscapes, often depicting mountains, waterfalls, and sunsets, but also sometimes depicting dramatic natural phenomena that he saw during his travels to the Arctic and...

an American landscape painter born in Hartford, Connecticut. He was a central figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters, perhaps best known for painting large panoramic landscapes, often depicting mountains, waterfalls, and sunsets, but also sometimes depicting dramatic natural phenomena that he saw during his travels to the Arctic and Central and South America. Church's paintings put an emphasis on light and a romantic respect for natural detail. In his later years, Church painted classical Mediterranean and Middle Eastern scenes and cityscapes.

a Dutch Golden Age painter of still lives. He was born in Berchem, Belgium, near Antwerp, where he became a member of the Guild of St. Luke in 1620. He moved to Haarlem in 1621, where his son, the landscape painter Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem was born. He and Willem Claeszoon Heda, who also worked in Haarlem, were the most important exponents of the "ontbij...

a Dutch Golden Age painter of still lives. He was born in Berchem, Belgium, near Antwerp, where he became a member of the Guild of St. Luke in 1620. He moved to Haarlem in 1621, where his son, the landscape painter Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem was born. He and Willem Claeszoon Heda, who also worked in Haarlem, were the most important exponents of the "ontbijt" or dinner piece. They painted with subdued, virtually monochromatic palettes, the subtle handling of light and texture being the prime means of expression.

a Dutch Golden Age painter. According to Houbraken, together with Jacob Gerritsz Cuyp, Isaac van Hasselt, and Cornelis Tegelberg, he helped separate the Dordrecht Guild of Saint Luke from the old Gild van de vyf Neringen (guild of five trades) in 1642. According to the RKD he was a member of the Dordrecht guild in 1642-46, and in 1646 he became a member of t...

a Dutch Golden Age painter. According to Houbraken, together with Jacob Gerritsz Cuyp, Isaac van Hasselt, and Cornelis Tegelberg, he helped separate the Dordrecht Guild of Saint Luke from the old Gild van de vyf Neringen (guild of five trades) in 1642. According to the RKD he was a member of the Dordrecht guild in 1642-46, and in 1646 he became a member of the guild in the Hague, and in 1651 he married and moved to Leiden where he became the father of Adriaen de Grijef. He is registered also in Haarlem in 1687.

a French artist, scholar and archaeologist. He published a catalogue of the Musée du Louvre, and a Manuel de l'Histoire de l'art and also that which is considered his best work the Musée de sculpture antique et moderne, 1826-1852, completed after his death. Having served for some time in the army of prince Conde, and afterward entered a Russian regiment. A...

a French artist, scholar and archaeologist. He published a catalogue of the Musée du Louvre, and a Manuel de l'Histoire de l'art and also that which is considered his best work the Musée de sculpture antique et moderne, 1826-1852, completed after his death. Having served for some time in the army of prince Conde, and afterward entered a Russian regiment. After that he returned to France, and then to Naples in 1808.

a German-born painter and tapestry designer who lived and worked in England. Francis Cleyn was born in Rostock in Germany, and while a youth displayed such abilities that he was retained in the service of Christian IV of Denmark. During this time he painted, in 1611, a half-length portrait of Christian, now in the gallery of Copenhagen, and executed decorati...

a German-born painter and tapestry designer who lived and worked in England. Francis Cleyn was born in Rostock in Germany, and while a youth displayed such abilities that he was retained in the service of Christian IV of Denmark. During this time he painted, in 1611, a half-length portrait of Christian, now in the gallery of Copenhagen, and executed decorative works in the castle of Rosenborg and other places. Here, too, he met Sir Robert Anstruther, then ambassador extraordinary from England to the court of Denmark.

a miniature painter active in London. Her exact birth and death dates are not known. She was trained by her father along with her older three brothers Francis, John, and Charles, and two sisters Sarah and Magdalen, who took up their father's profession and became draughtsmen and miniature painters as well. They continued his workshop after their father died...

a miniature painter active in London. Her exact birth and death dates are not known. She was trained by her father along with her older three brothers Francis, John, and Charles, and two sisters Sarah and Magdalen, who took up their father's profession and became draughtsmen and miniature painters as well. They continued his workshop after their father died in 1658 and all died in London. Attributions of works have sometimes been difficult because of the similarities in style between Francis and his children.

a portrait-painter. In 1679 Closterman went to Paris, accompanied by his countryman Tiburen, and there worked under François de Troy. In 1681 he came to England and painted draperies for John Riley, at whose death, in 1691, Closterman finished several of his portraits. This recommended him to the Duke of Somerset, but he lost the Duke's favour on account of...

a portrait-painter. In 1679 Closterman went to Paris, accompanied by his countryman Tiburen, and there worked under François de Troy. In 1681 he came to England and painted draperies for John Riley, at whose death, in 1691, Closterman finished several of his portraits. This recommended him to the Duke of Somerset, but he lost the Duke's favour on account of a dispute about a picture of Guercino, specially acquired for Somerset, which was afterwards purchased by Lord Halifax. In 1696 Closterman was invited to the court of Spain, where he executed the portraits of the king and queen.

a French Renaissance miniaturist and painter, particularly known for his detailed portraits of the French ruling family. Clouet was born in Tours. The earliest reference to him is a document dated December 1541 (see Jean Clouet), in which the king renounces for the benefit of François his father's estate, which had escheated to the crown as the estate of a ...

a French Renaissance miniaturist and painter, particularly known for his detailed portraits of the French ruling family. Clouet was born in Tours. The earliest reference to him is a document dated December 1541 (see Jean Clouet), in which the king renounces for the benefit of François his father's estate, which had escheated to the crown as the estate of a foreigner. In this document, the younger Clouet is said to have followed his father very closely in his art. Like his father, he held the office of groom of the chamber and painter in ordinary to the king, and so far as salary is concerned, he started where his father left off.

a miniaturist and painter who worked in France during the High Renaissance. He was the father of François Clouet. The authentic presence of this artist at the French court is first mentioned in 1516, the second year of the reign of Francis I. By a deed of gift made by the king to the artist's son of his father's estate, which had escheated to the crown, we ...

a miniaturist and painter who worked in France during the High Renaissance. He was the father of François Clouet. The authentic presence of this artist at the French court is first mentioned in 1516, the second year of the reign of Francis I. By a deed of gift made by the king to the artist's son of his father's estate, which had escheated to the crown, we learn that he was not actually a Frenchman, and never naturalized. He is supposed to have been a native of the Low Countries, and probably his real name was Cloet.

a Southern Netherlandish portrait painter and engraver who worked mainly in Liège, Maastricht, Leiden and Amsterdam. He was instructed by his father, Jean-Baptiste Coclers. He spent three years in Italy, and after his return he settled in Maastricht, later in Nijmegen, Dordrecht and Leiden (from 1769 onwards). Compromised politically, he left Holland in 178...

a Southern Netherlandish portrait painter and engraver who worked mainly in Liège, Maastricht, Leiden and Amsterdam. He was instructed by his father, Jean-Baptiste Coclers. He spent three years in Italy, and after his return he settled in Maastricht, later in Nijmegen, Dordrecht and Leiden (from 1769 onwards). Compromised politically, he left Holland in 1787, and went to Paris, where he remained several years. He again returned to Holland and resided in Amsterdam, where he painted portraits and engraved cabinet pictures in the manner of Frans van Mieris the Elder, Gabriël Metsu, and Godfried Schalcken, which he exhibited regularly from 1808 to 1813. He engraved 166 plates; they are signed with a cipher, or his initials.

a Dutch painter of genre works, guardroom scenes and portraits. His earliest known work is a piece from 1626, Portrait of a Young Man, now in the Ashmolean. Most of his best-remembered works were executed in Amsterdam and are small-scale paintings. They are distinctive in their silvery-gray tonalities, and many are musically themed, such as his first known g...

a Dutch painter of genre works, guardroom scenes and portraits. His earliest known work is a piece from 1626, Portrait of a Young Man, now in the Ashmolean. Most of his best-remembered works were executed in Amsterdam and are small-scale paintings. They are distinctive in their silvery-gray tonalities, and many are musically themed, such as his first known genre work, Dancing Lesson (Louvre) from 1627, Musical Company of 1639, The Lute Player (Philadelphia Museum of Art) and, Concert, a piece now in the Uffizi Gallery.

a noted American painter. Codman, who lived his entire life in Portland, Maine, was known for his landscape and marine paintings. Codman was apprenticed to the ornamental painter, John Ritto Penniman, where he began as a decorative painter with no formal training. He is classified as a limner. He eventually produced more mature works of romanticized landscap...

a noted American painter. Codman, who lived his entire life in Portland, Maine, was known for his landscape and marine paintings. Codman was apprenticed to the ornamental painter, John Ritto Penniman, where he began as a decorative painter with no formal training. He is classified as a limner. He eventually produced more mature works of romanticized landscape views.

a Flemish painter, sculptor, architect, author and designer of woodcuts, stained glass and tapestries. His principal subjects were Christian religious themes. He worked in Antwerp and Brussels and was appointed court painter to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Coecke...

a Flemish painter, sculptor, architect, author and designer of woodcuts, stained glass and tapestries. His principal subjects were Christian religious themes. He worked in Antwerp and Brussels and was appointed court painter to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Coecke van Aelst was a polyglot. He published translations of Ancient Roman and modern Italian architectural treatises into Flemish (Dutch), French and German. These publications played a crucial role in spreading Renaissance ideas to the Low Countries. They contributed to the transition in Northern Europe from the late Gothic style then prevalent towards a modern 'antique-oriented' architecture.

a Spanish portrait painter, of Portuguese origin, of the Spanish Renaissance and one of the pioneers of the great tradition of Spanish portrait painting. Sánchez Coello produced both portraits and religious paintings. The religious works, many of which were created for El Escorial, are conventional and undistinguished. It is for his portraits that he is rem...

a Spanish portrait painter, of Portuguese origin, of the Spanish Renaissance and one of the pioneers of the great tradition of Spanish portrait painting. Sánchez Coello produced both portraits and religious paintings. The religious works, many of which were created for El Escorial, are conventional and undistinguished. It is for his portraits that he is remembered. They are marked by an ease of pose and execution, a dignity and sobriety of representation, and warmth of colouring. Although influenced by the paintings of both Mor and Titian, these portraits display an original talent and reflect admirably the modesty and formality of the Spanish court.

a Spanish Baroque painter. Coello is considered the last great Spanish painter of the 17th century. Coello was the last Spanish painter of eminence for some years, as from the time that Luca Giordano was summoned to Spain, the art sank gradually to its decay. Man...

a Spanish Baroque painter. Coello is considered the last great Spanish painter of the 17th century. Coello was the last Spanish painter of eminence for some years, as from the time that Luca Giordano was summoned to Spain, the art sank gradually to its decay. Many excellent examples of his work are to be seen in the churches and convents in Madrid, Saragossa, and Salamanca. But his principal work is the famous altar-piece in the sacristy of San Lorenzo, in the Escorial, representing the 'Adoration of the Miraculous Host.' It is an immense composition, and occupied the painter seven years.

a painter of history, genre, and landscape, was born at Vilvoorden. He first studied under Hendrik van Assche, and in 1809 removed to Amsterdam and became the pupil of Barbiers. He then went to Brussels, and in 1820 was made Professor at the Academy. His picture of 'Rubens receiving from Charles I. the sword with which he had been knighted ' gained for him t...

a painter of history, genre, and landscape, was born at Vilvoorden. He first studied under Hendrik van Assche, and in 1809 removed to Amsterdam and became the pupil of Barbiers. He then went to Brussels, and in 1820 was made Professor at the Academy. His picture of 'Rubens receiving from Charles I. the sword with which he had been knighted ' gained for him the grand prize at Ghent, and is now in the Museum of that city. His 'Soldier returning from the Battle of Waterloo' also gained him much praise.

an American painter born in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Cohoon began creating her drawings and art in the year of 1845. She adopted a unique approach for her drawings as compared to other Shaker works. She used thick paint in primary or secondary colors that created an impasto texture, using bold, expressive brushstrokes. Her compositions were dedicated to ...

an American painter born in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Cohoon began creating her drawings and art in the year of 1845. She adopted a unique approach for her drawings as compared to other Shaker works. She used thick paint in primary or secondary colors that created an impasto texture, using bold, expressive brushstrokes. Her compositions were dedicated to a single object or scene with geometric patters.

a Flemish Renaissance painter, who was strongly influenced by the Italian style. He painted historical and mythological subjects of an easel size, but was more successful in landscapes, in candlelight subjects, and moonlight. He was a Lutheran, which probably influenced his moves from Antwerp to Amsterdam and then Hamburg. He spent most of the 1560s in Italy...

a Flemish Renaissance painter, who was strongly influenced by the Italian style. He painted historical and mythological subjects of an easel size, but was more successful in landscapes, in candlelight subjects, and moonlight. He was a Lutheran, which probably influenced his moves from Antwerp to Amsterdam and then Hamburg. He spent most of the 1560s in Italy.

a Flemish history and landscape painter. Gillis II was the son of Jacob Coignet (III) and Hester van Beringen. He married Magdalena van der Beken on 29 September 1609. He had at least nine children: Jacob, Joanna, Anna, Egidius, Hester, Barbara, Michiel, Maria, Gulielmus. He joined the Guild of St. Luke in 1607 as a master's son. He was active until at least...

a Flemish history and landscape painter. Gillis II was the son of Jacob Coignet (III) and Hester van Beringen. He married Magdalena van der Beken on 29 September 1609. He had at least nine children: Jacob, Joanna, Anna, Egidius, Hester, Barbara, Michiel, Maria, Gulielmus. He joined the Guild of St. Luke in 1607 as a master's son. He was active until at least 1641/42. Gillis' style resembles that of Gillis van Coninxloo and the Frankenthal school. Gillis' son Jacob was also a painter.

a Flemish painter specialized in small paintings for cabinets. He was also very active making paintings for cabinets and received many orders from the cabinet maker Forchondt. Subjects of these plates usually were the lives of saints. He also restored damaged paintings and despite the fact that we know that he had many of these commissions few of these small...

a Flemish painter specialized in small paintings for cabinets. He was also very active making paintings for cabinets and received many orders from the cabinet maker Forchondt. Subjects of these plates usually were the lives of saints. He also restored damaged paintings and despite the fact that we know that he had many of these commissions few of these small paintings have been signed and only a few paintings in cabinets are ascribed to him.

an American artist known for his landscape and history paintings. He is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School, an American art movement that flourished in the mid-19th century. Cole's work is known for its romantic portrayal of the American wilderness. In New York, Cole sold five paintings to George W. Bruen, who financed a summer trip to the Hu...

an American artist known for his landscape and history paintings. He is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School, an American art movement that flourished in the mid-19th century. Cole's work is known for its romantic portrayal of the American wilderness. In New York, Cole sold five paintings to George W. Bruen, who financed a summer trip to the Hudson Valley where the artist produced two Views of Coldspring, the Catskill Mountain House and painted famous Kaaterskill Falls and the ruins of Fort Putnam. Returning to New York, he displayed five landscapes in the window of William Colman's bookstore; according to the New York Evening Post Two Views of Coldspring were purchased by Mr. A. Seton, who lent them to the American Academy of the Fine Arts annual exhibition in 1826.

an early Flemish engraver, father of the engravers Jan Collaert II (Antwerp 1561 - 1620/1628) and Adrian Collaert (Antwerp c1555/65 - 1618). The sons would later work in the workshop of Philip Galle and marry Galle's daughters. The workshops of the Collaert and Galle families were close together and their works are hard to distinguish. Hans Collaert was born...

an early Flemish engraver, father of the engravers Jan Collaert II (Antwerp 1561 - 1620/1628) and Adrian Collaert (Antwerp c1555/65 - 1618). The sons would later work in the workshop of Philip Galle and marry Galle's daughters. The workshops of the Collaert and Galle families were close together and their works are hard to distinguish. Hans Collaert was born in Brussels. After working some years in his father's studio, he went to Rome to perfect himself in his art. His engravings after Rubens are very highly esteemed. After 1560 he was active in Antwerp.

a Spanish Baroque era painter. Collantes was born in Madrid but sought influence from Jusepe de Ribera and the Neapolitan School. He was also influenced by 16th century Venetian painters and was renowned for his landscapes and biblical scenes. His works inclu...

a Spanish Baroque era painter. Collantes was born in Madrid but sought influence from Jusepe de Ribera and the Neapolitan School. He was also influenced by 16th century Venetian painters and was renowned for his landscapes and biblical scenes. His works included The Burning Bush (c. 1634) which is now at the Louvre, Agar and Ishmael which is now at the Providence Museum in Rhode Island and The Vision of Ezekiel, Saint Arnulph and The Fall of Troy (about 1634), all three now at the Museo del Prado in Madrid.

an English satirical artist. He first exhibited at the exhibition of the Free Society of Artists in 1761, to which he sent three landscapes. In 1762, he exhibited with the same society "A Gipsy telling some Country Girls their Fortune." From this time, though he occasionally exhibited landscapes, portraits, animals, and other subjects, his pictures are mainl...

an English satirical artist. He first exhibited at the exhibition of the Free Society of Artists in 1761, to which he sent three landscapes. In 1762, he exhibited with the same society "A Gipsy telling some Country Girls their Fortune." From this time, though he occasionally exhibited landscapes, portraits, animals, and other subjects, his pictures are mainlv of a humorous description, based on the style of Hogarth, whose 'comedy in art' he strove to imitate, if not to surpass.

a Dutch Golden Age still-life painter known for vanitas and trompe-l'œil paintings. By 1667, Collier had moved to Leiden, where he became a member of the Leiden Guild of St. Luke in 1673. He moved to Amsterdam by 1686 and to London in 1693. He returned to Leiden in the years 1702-1706, based on signed and dated works there, but was back in London at the end...

a Dutch Golden Age still-life painter known for vanitas and trompe-l'œil paintings. By 1667, Collier had moved to Leiden, where he became a member of the Leiden Guild of St. Luke in 1673. He moved to Amsterdam by 1686 and to London in 1693. He returned to Leiden in the years 1702-1706, based on signed and dated works there, but was back in London at the end of his life where he was buried September 8, 1708 at St. James's, Piccadilly.

a German painter and professor, and between 1821 and 1837 he was a member of the Preußische Akademie der Künste. He was born in Berlin. After initial studies in theology he went in March 1787 to Berlin to study at the academy. In 1789 he became a teacher of the art school, in 1794 Professor of the same. He traveled in 1804 to Italy , returned in the fall o...

a German painter and professor, and between 1821 and 1837 he was a member of the Preußische Akademie der Künste. He was born in Berlin. After initial studies in theology he went in March 1787 to Berlin to study at the academy. In 1789 he became a teacher of the art school, in 1794 Professor of the same. He traveled in 1804 to Italy , returned in the fall of 1807 but on his chair back to Berlin.

an English painter, based in Bristol for most of his career. In about 1815 Colman moved from Yeovil to Bristol, where he lived until around 1840. He worked as a portrait painter and drawing-master in the city, as well as painting minutely detailed Romantic, Biblical and genre scenes. He was a religious Nonconformist who worshipped at the Castle Green Indepen...

an English painter, based in Bristol for most of his career. In about 1815 Colman moved from Yeovil to Bristol, where he lived until around 1840. He worked as a portrait painter and drawing-master in the city, as well as painting minutely detailed Romantic, Biblical and genre scenes. He was a religious Nonconformist who worshipped at the Castle Green Independent Chapel and the Zion Chapel in Bedminster, and his faith was central to his work; some of his paintings, such as his The Destruction of the Temple (Tate Gallery), which shows the ruination of a Gothic catheral, being criticisms of the Church of England

an American painter, interior designer, and writer, probably best remembered for his paintings of the Hudson River. Born in Portland, Maine, Colman moved to New York City with his family as a child. His father opened a bookstore, attracting a literate clientele that may have influenced Colman's artistic development. He is believed to have studied briefly und...

an American painter, interior designer, and writer, probably best remembered for his paintings of the Hudson River. Born in Portland, Maine, Colman moved to New York City with his family as a child. His father opened a bookstore, attracting a literate clientele that may have influenced Colman's artistic development. He is believed to have studied briefly under the Hudson River school painter Asher Durand, and he exhibited his first work at the National Academy of Design in 1850. By 1854 he had opened his own New York City studio.

a Spanish Renaissance painter. In 1545-7, he painted for the winter chapter room portraits of Cardinal Archbishop Tavera and Archbishop Siliceo; in the latter year he was appointed painter to the cathedral, which office he retained until his death in 1565. Pictures on panel of the 'Virgin and St. Bartholomew,' placed in 1659 in a retablo gilt by his own hand...

a Spanish Renaissance painter. In 1545-7, he painted for the winter chapter room portraits of Cardinal Archbishop Tavera and Archbishop Siliceo; in the latter year he was appointed painter to the cathedral, which office he retained until his death in 1565. Pictures on panel of the 'Virgin and St. Bartholomew,' placed in 1659 in a retablo gilt by his own hands, in the chapel of the Tower, are considered his best works.

an Italian Renaissance painter, who mostly worked in Venice. He can be considered part of the Venetian school, though he was also influenced by Antonello da Messina, in the emphasis he gives to landscape backgrounds and the tranquil atmosphere of his works. Once formed his style did not change greatly. He mostly painted religious subjects, often on a small ...

an Italian Renaissance painter, who mostly worked in Venice. He can be considered part of the Venetian school, though he was also influenced by Antonello da Messina, in the emphasis he gives to landscape backgrounds and the tranquil atmosphere of his works. Once formed his style did not change greatly. He mostly painted religious subjects, often on a small scale for homes rather than churches, but also a few, mostly small, mythological ones, which have a special charm.

a Flemish painter who specialised in still lifes and landscapes with animals and hunting scenes. Recognised as a leading animal painter, de Coninck was able to develop an international career which caused him to work for extended periods in Paris, Rome and Vienna. He moved to Paris where he worked with the prominent Flemish animal painter Nicasius Bernaerts ...

a Flemish painter who specialised in still lifes and landscapes with animals and hunting scenes. Recognised as a leading animal painter, de Coninck was able to develop an international career which caused him to work for extended periods in Paris, Rome and Vienna. He moved to Paris where he worked with the prominent Flemish animal painter Nicasius Bernaerts for several years, probably until 1669. De Coninck subsequently travelled to Rome where he lived from 1671 to 1694. Here he became a member of the Bentvueghels, an association of mainly Dutch and Flemish artists working in Rome.

a Flemish painter of landscapes who played an important role in the development of Northern landscape art at the turn of the 17th century. He spent the last 20 years of his life abroad, first in Germany and later in the Dutch Republic. Coninxloo ranks as one of the most important Flemish landscape painters of around the turn of the 17th century. He exercised...

a Flemish painter of landscapes who played an important role in the development of Northern landscape art at the turn of the 17th century. He spent the last 20 years of his life abroad, first in Germany and later in the Dutch Republic. Coninxloo ranks as one of the most important Flemish landscape painters of around the turn of the 17th century. He exercised a strong influence on Jan Brueghel the Elder, Pieter Schoubroeck, Roelandt Savery, and other Flemish and Dutch landscape painters of this period.

a German landscape painter in water colours and oil. He was born in Mannheim, and died in Munich. He painted mainly views of the mountains of Bavaria and the Tyrol. He devoted himself to landscape painting, and studied in the Gallery at Munich under the supervision of the local Deputy Director, Hofkammerraths Jakob Dorner. He used at first the beautiful area...

a German landscape painter in water colours and oil. He was born in Mannheim, and died in Munich. He painted mainly views of the mountains of Bavaria and the Tyrol. He devoted himself to landscape painting, and studied in the Gallery at Munich under the supervision of the local Deputy Director, Hofkammerraths Jakob Dorner. He used at first the beautiful areas around Munich, finally he also made ??trips both in Bavaria, as the Tyrol and the Schweitz.

an architectural painter. He instructed first in Berlin and afterwards at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, which he attended from 1835 till 1839. Both in this institution and at the Realschule he gave instruction in perspective to young artists, and received the title of professor, the Order of the Red Eagle, and a medal from the Pope. He painted buildings of...

an architectural painter. He instructed first in Berlin and afterwards at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, which he attended from 1835 till 1839. Both in this institution and at the Realschule he gave instruction in perspective to young artists, and received the title of professor, the Order of the Red Eagle, and a medal from the Pope. He painted buildings of the Middle Ages, with landscape surroundings, such as 'The Church of St. Quirinus in Neuss', 'The Cloister of St. Severinus in Cologne' (1837), 'The Cathedral of Mayence' (1841), 'Custom House in London' (1852) and 'Views of Cologne Cathedral'.

an English Romantic painter. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home—now known as "Constable Country"—which he invested with an intensity of affection. Constable painted many full-scale preliminary sketches of his landscapes to test the composition in advance of finished pictures....

an English Romantic painter. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home—now known as "Constable Country"—which he invested with an intensity of affection. Constable painted many full-scale preliminary sketches of his landscapes to test the composition in advance of finished pictures. These large sketches, with their free and vigorous brushwork, were revolutionary at the time, and they continue to interest artists, scholars and the general public.

a Spanish Baroque painter. According to Antonio Palomino , whom the most complete biography of the painter is due, he was born in Cordoba in the midst of a very illustrious family and trained with Pablo de Céspedes . On the death of Céspedes he went to Granada to continue his artistic training before settling in Bujalance, where his wife had any hacienda, ...

a Spanish Baroque painter. According to Antonio Palomino , whom the most complete biography of the painter is due, he was born in Cordoba in the midst of a very illustrious family and trained with Pablo de Céspedes . On the death of Céspedes he went to Granada to continue his artistic training before settling in Bujalance, where his wife had any hacienda, accompanied by two sisters were also painters. In that prosperous city, only six leagues from Cordoba, he worked for the parish church and the Franciscan monastery, but especially for individuals, as highlighted as a painter of portraits, of which Palomino quoted glowingly for having been in the possession of the portraits

an English Baroque miniature painter. He learned painting from Peter Oliver (painter) and was active in London from 1633–1642, whereupon he traveled to The Hague. He is registered there as a member of The Hague Guild of Saint Luke from 1644 - 1646. After a short stay in Amsterdam, he travelled to Sweden in 1646 to work as court painter for Queen regnant Ch...

an English Baroque miniature painter. He learned painting from Peter Oliver (painter) and was active in London from 1633–1642, whereupon he traveled to The Hague. He is registered there as a member of The Hague Guild of Saint Luke from 1644 - 1646. After a short stay in Amsterdam, he travelled to Sweden in 1646 to work as court painter for Queen regnant Christina of Sweden. His works are of great rarity, and the chief are a series representing Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth of Bohemia as well as their children. Including Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern and Sophia of the Palatinate.

an English miniature painter, and younger brother of Alexander Cooper. In 1668 he was instructed by Samuel Pepys to paint a portrait of Mrs Pepys, for which he charged £30. He is known to have painted also the portrait of John Aubrey, which was presented in 169...

an English miniature painter, and younger brother of Alexander Cooper. In 1668 he was instructed by Samuel Pepys to paint a portrait of Mrs Pepys, for which he charged £30. He is known to have painted also the portrait of John Aubrey, which was presented in 1691 to the Ashmolean Museum. From his correspondence with John Ray, the naturalist. Evelyn refers to him in 1662, when, on the occasion of the visit that the diarist paid to the king, Cooper was drawing the royal face and head for the new coinage. Examples of his work are to be found at Windsor Castle, Belvoir Castle, Montague House, Welbeck Abbey, Ham House, the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and in the collection of Mr J. Pierpont Morgan. His largest miniature is in the possession of the Duke of Richmond and Gordon at Goodwood.

an English landscape painter noted for his images of cattle and farm animals. Thomas Sidney Cooper was born at Canterbury, Kent, and as a small child he began to show strong artistic inclinations, but the circumstances of his family did not allow him to receive any systematic training. By the time he was twelve years old, he was working in the shop of a coac...

an English landscape painter noted for his images of cattle and farm animals. Thomas Sidney Cooper was born at Canterbury, Kent, and as a small child he began to show strong artistic inclinations, but the circumstances of his family did not allow him to receive any systematic training. By the time he was twelve years old, he was working in the shop of a coach painter. Later he obtained a job as a scene painter; and he alternated between these two occupations for about eight years. He still felt a desire to become an artist, and all his spare moments were spent drawing and painting from nature. At the age of twenty he went to London, drew for a while in the British Museum, and was admitted as a student of the Royal Academy.

a Dutch Golden Age painter of still lifes, who signed works between 1683 and 1707. He painted small and unpretentious still lifes in a style more typical of the first half of the century, and was "one of the last practitioners of this intimate category". Very little is known of his life, but he is assumed to have been born and died in Middelburg. He became ...

a Dutch Golden Age painter of still lifes, who signed works between 1683 and 1707. He painted small and unpretentious still lifes in a style more typical of the first half of the century, and was "one of the last practitioners of this intimate category". Very little is known of his life, but he is assumed to have been born and died in Middelburg. He became a pupil of Melchior d'Hondecoeter around 1680 in Amsterdam. Hondecoeter is known for repetitions of certain birds in certain poses, and he apparently took on pupils who were set to work copying these into their compositions

a Flemish Baroque painter specialized in still lifes of flower pieces, fruit, and inanimate subjects. He painted vanitas still lifes, pronkstillevens and game pieces. Alexander Coosemans painted mainly flower pieces, fruit, and inanimate subjects. He was in Italy between 1649 and 1651. Here he worked on commissions for the Doria-Pamphili-Landi and reportedly...

a Flemish Baroque painter specialized in still lifes of flower pieces, fruit, and inanimate subjects. He painted vanitas still lifes, pronkstillevens and game pieces. Alexander Coosemans painted mainly flower pieces, fruit, and inanimate subjects. He was in Italy between 1649 and 1651. Here he worked on commissions for the Doria-Pamphili-Landi and reportedly contributed still life elements of fruit and flowers for decorative paintings by Pasquale Chiesa in the Palazzo del Principe (also called 'villa di Andrea Doria') in Genoa and the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj in Rome. He also painted vanitas still lifes, pronkstillevens and game pieces. The only known dated work by his hand is a Still Life with Fruit and a Parrot.

an American painter, active in both colonial America and England. He was probably born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Richard and Mary Singleton Copley, both Anglo-Irish. He is famous for his portrait paintings of important figures in colonial New England, depicting in particular middle-class subjects. His paintings were innovative in their tendency to depict ...

an American painter, active in both colonial America and England. He was probably born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Richard and Mary Singleton Copley, both Anglo-Irish. He is famous for his portrait paintings of important figures in colonial New England, depicting in particular middle-class subjects. His paintings were innovative in their tendency to depict artifacts relating to these individuals' lives.

a Flemish painter of portraits and history paintings. Because of his artistic proximity to and emulation with Anthony van Dyck he received the nickname de kleine van Dyck (the little van Dyck). Coques also worked as an art dealer. Gonzales Coques is primarily known as a painter of individual and family portraits, which he typically executed on a smaller scal...

a Flemish painter of portraits and history paintings. Because of his artistic proximity to and emulation with Anthony van Dyck he received the nickname de kleine van Dyck (the little van Dyck). Coques also worked as an art dealer. Gonzales Coques is primarily known as a painter of individual and family portraits, which he typically executed on a smaller scale than was common at the time. Although these small cabinet paintings have been referred to as conversation pieces, a type of elegant, informal group portrait that he is credited with inventing, recent scholarship has emphasised that his group portraits should be seen as narrative portraits rather than genre portraits, conversation pieces or merry companies.