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Estacio de Sa

aka: Estácio de Sá
borndied
15201567
a Portuguese soldier and officer. Sá travelled to the colony of Brazil on the orders of the Portuguese crown to wage war on the French colonists commanded by Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. These French colonists had established themselves in 1555 at Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro, in a settlement known as France Antarctique. He was the founder of Rio de J...
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Cross-listed in ExplorersAstronomersScientists

Sir Edward Sabine

bornactivedied
1788, Oct 141818-18711883, Jun 26
an Irish astronomer, geophysicist, ornithologist, explorer, soldier and the 30th President of the Royal Society. Two branches of Sabine's work are notable: Determination of the length of the seconds pendulum, a simple pendulum whose time period on the surface of the Earth is two seconds, that is, one second in each direction; and his research on the Earth's ...
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Links (1)


Cross-listed in Governance

Diego de Salinas

aka: Salinas y Rodríguez de Villarroel
borndied
1649, Aug 31720, Nov 27
the last Spanish Governor of Gibraltar. He held the post when The Rock was captured by an Anglo-Dutch fleet in August 1704. In 1685, Salinas y Rodríguez served as the field marshal of the Spanish infantry in Pamplona, and he requested admission into the Order of Santiago. This request was accepted after a thorough investigation of his ancestry. In Pamplona,...
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Deborah Sampson

aka: Samson
borndied
1760, Dec 171827, Apr 29
a Massachusetts woman who disguised herself as a man in order to serve in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. She is one of a small number of women with a documented record of military combat experience in that war. She served 17 months in the army under the name "Robert Shirtliff" (also spelled in various sources as Shirtliffe and Sh...
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Jose de San Martin

aka: José de San Martín
bornactivedied
1778, Feb 251808-18221850, Aug 17
an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru. Born in Yapeyú, Corrientes, in modern-day Argentina, he left his mother country at the early age of seven to study in Málaga, Spain. In 1808, after taking part in the Peninsular ...
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Timeline (2)Links (17)


Cross-listed in Governance

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

aka: Antonio López, Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón
borndied
1794, Feb 211876, Jun 21
sometimes called "the Napoleon of the West", was a Mexican criollo who fought to defend royalist New Spain and then for Mexican independence. He served as a Mexican politician and general. He greatly influenced early Mexican politics and government, and was a skilled soldier and cunning politician, who dominated Mexican history in the first half of the ninet...
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Timeline (3)Links (1)


Cross-listed in Governance

Epes Sargent

borndied
1690, Jul 121762, Dec 6
an American soldier and landowner from Gloucester, Massachusetts. He served as a colonel of militia before the Revolutionary War and was a justice of the general session court for more than thirty years. In 1744, he was Gloucester's representative in the General Court of Massachusetts. His grandchildren included Daniel Sargent (1764–1842), a politician who...
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Cross-listed in Artists

Henry Sargent

bornactivedied
1770, Nov 251793-18451845, Feb 21
American painter and military man, was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts. In 1793 Sargent went to London, where he studied with Benjamin West and had courteous treatment from more
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Cross-listed in Governance

John Sargent

borndied
1750, Dec 241824, Jan 24
an American Loyalist during American Revolution who was exiled to Canada where he became a politician. Sargent, a Methodist merchant, was the very first signatory among the Salem Addressers of Governor Thomas Gage on his arrival in Salem in 1774, and thus during the American Revolution he was proscribed and exiled in the Banishment Act of the State of Massac...
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Cross-listed in Pirates

Paul Dudley Sargent

borndied
1745, Jun1828, Sep 28
a privateer and soldier in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Sargent also had interests as owner or bonder in numerous privateer vessels, on his own behalf and in partnership with James Swan, Mungo Mackay, Joseph Barrell and others. Among these was one of the largest privateers ever commissioned, the 300-ton three-decker Boston, for...
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Gaspard de Saulx

aka: sieur de Tavannes
borndied
15091575
a French Roman Catholic military leader during the Italian Wars and the French Wars of Religion. In 1552 he conquered Metz and had an important role in the French victory at the Battle of Renty (1554). After the conquest of Calais in 1558, he was appointed as Governor General of Burgundy. In this role, he was accused of excessive persecutions against the Pro...
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Cross-listed in Writers

Jean de Schelandre

aka: Seigneur de Saumazènes
borndied
1585 ca1635, Oct 18
a French poet. studied at the university of Paris. He then joined Turenne's army in the Netherlands, where he gained rapid advancement. He was the author of a tragedy, Tyr et Sidon, ou les funestes amours de Belcar et Méliane, published in 1608 under the anagram-name Daniel d'Anchéres, and reprinted with numerous changes in 1628 under the author's o...
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Cross-listed in Governance

Philip Schuyler

bornactivedied
1733, Nov 101761-17981804, Nov 18
a general in the American Revolution and a United States Senator from New York. He is usually known as Philip Schuyler, while his son is usually known as Philip J. Schuyler. Schuyler was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775, and served until he was a...
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Cross-listed in Governance

Philip J. Schuyler

bornactivedied
1768, Jan 211796-18191835, Feb 21
an American politician from New York. Schuyler lived in Rhinebeck, where he managed farms and estates throughout upstate New York which were owned by his and his wife's families. Schuyler served in the New York Militia and attained the rank of major before resigning in 1799. He was a member of the New York State Assembly, serving in the 21st New York State L...
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Johannes Schwalm

borndied
17491834
one of the Hessian soldiers contracted for by George III to fight American revolutionists during the Revolutionary War, was imprisoned twice by the Americans, and remained in the United States when the war was over. He married Margaret Resh in 1785 and settled in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. Descendants lived in most of the United States.
Links (1)Notes (1)


James Scott

aka: 1st Duke of Monmouth, 1st Duke of Buccleuch, James Crofts, James Fitzroy
bornactivedied
1649, Apr 91663-16851685, Jul 15
an English nobleman. In 1685 he led the unsuccessful Monmouth Rebellion, an attempt to depose his uncle, King James II and VII. After one of his officers declared Monmouth the legitimate King in the town of Taunton in Somerset, Monmouth attempted to capitalise on his position as the son of Charles II, and his Protestantism, in opposition to James, who was a ...
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Winfield Scott

aka: Old Fuss and Feathers, Grand Old Man of the Army
bornactivedied
1786, Jun 131807-18611866, May 29
a United States Army general and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army", he served on active duty as a general longer than any other person in American history, is rated as one of the most senior commissioned officers of all time, and many historians rate him as the ...
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Cross-listed in Writers

James Scurry

borndied
17661822
a British soldier and memoirist. He was held captive by Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan for 10 years (1780–1790) at Seringapatam. He had been kept as a prisoner, first at Bangalore and then moved to the Seringapatnam ( modern day name is Srirangapatnam) fort. After his escape from Tipu's army, in Chitradurg (called Chitterdroog) he reached an English camp. He pr...
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Cross-listed in Governance

John Sevier

borndied
1745, Sep 231815, Sep 24
an American soldier, frontiersman and politician, and one of the founding fathers of the State of Tennessee. He played a leading role, both militarily and politically, in Tennessee's pre-statehood period, and was elected the state's first governor in 1796. Sevier served as a colonel in the Battle of Kings Mountain in 1780, and commanded the frontier militia ...
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Cross-listed in Governance

Shaka

aka: Shaka kaSenzangakhona, Shaka Zulu
borndied
1787 ca1828, Sep 22
one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom. According to tradition, Shaka was conceived during an act of what began as ukuhlobonga, a form of sexual foreplay without penetration allowed to unmarried couples, also known as "the fun of the roads" (ama hlay endlela), during which the lovers became "carried away". Due to persecution as a result of ...
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Daniel Shays

bornactivedied
1747 ca1775-17881825, Sep 29
an American soldier, revolutionary, and farmer famous for being one of the leaders of Shays' Rebellion, a populist uprising against controversial debt collection and tax policies in Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787.
Timeline (4)Links (7)


Cross-listed in Governance

Isaac Shelby

bornactivedied
1750, Dec 111774-18181826, Jul 18
the first and fifth Governor of Kentucky and served in the state legislatures of Virginia and North Carolina. He was also, a soldier in Lord Dunmore's War, the American Revolutionary War, and the War of 1812. While governor, he led the Kentucky militia in the Battle of the Thames, an action, that was rewarded with a Congressional Gold Medal. Counties in nine...
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Cross-listed in Inventors

Henry Shrapnel

borndied
1761, Jun 31842, Mar 13
a British Army officer whose name has entered the English language as the inventor of the shrapnel shell. In 1784, while a lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, he perfected, with his own resources, an invention of what he called "spherical case" ammunition: a hollow cannonball filled with lead shot that burst in mid-air. He successfully demonstrated this in 17...
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Cross-listed in GovernanceWriters

Sir Philip Sidney

bornactivedied
1554, Nov 301572-15861586, Oct 17
an English poet, courtier, scholar, and soldier, who is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan age. His works include Astrophel and Stella, The Defence of Poesy (also known as The Defence of Poetry or An Apology for Poetry), and The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia. Born at Penshurst Place, Kent, he was t...
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Cross-listed in Governance

John Graves Simcoe

borndied
1752, Feb 251806, Oct 26
a British Army general and the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada from 1791 until 1796, in modern-day southern Ontario and the watersheds of Georgian Bay and Lake Superior. He founded York (now Toronto) and was instrumental in introducing institutions such as courts of law, trial by jury, English common law, freehold land tenure, and the abolition of ...
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Cross-listed in Writers

Nils Lorens Sjoberg

aka: Sjöberg
borndied
1754, Dec 41822, Mar 13
a Swedish officer and poet. He was the first holder of seat 18 at the Swedish Academy, from 1787 to 1822. His poetical works include Skaldekonsten, Atheisten, Jordbrukaren, and Odödligheten. He died childless and unmarried.
Links (1)


Cross-listed in ArtistsWritersScientists

Charles Hamilton Smith

aka: C. H., C.H.
bornactivedied
1776, Dec 261787-18591859, Sep 21
an English artist, naturalist, antiquary, illustrator, soldier, and spy. His military career began in 1787, when he studied at the Austrian academy for artillery and engineers at Mechelen and Leuven in Belgium. Although his military service, which ended in 1820 and included the Napoleonic Wars, saw him travel extensively (including the West Indies, Canada, a...
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Claudius Smith

borndied
17361779, Jan 22
a Loyalist guerrilla leader during the American Revolution. He led a band of irregulars who were known locally as the 'cowboys'. During the Revolutionary War, Claudius, along with several members of his family, including three of his four sons (William, Richard, and James), allegedly terrorized the New York countryside in an area formerly known as Smith's Cl...
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Cross-listed in ExplorersNavalWriters

John Smith [2]

borndied
1580, Jan ca1631, Jun 21
an Admiral of New England, was an English soldier, explorer, and author. He was knighted for his services to Sigismund Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, and his friend Mózes Székely. He was considered to have played an important part in the establishment of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America. He was a leader of the Virginia C...
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Cross-listed in Writers

John Spencer Smith

borndied
1769, Sep 11845, Jun 5
a British diplomat, politician and writer. Smith joined the British Army in 1790 as an ensign, later promoted to lieutenant. When France declared war on Britain in February 1793 he was in Turkey with his elder brother, Sidney Smith, who obtained a position for him in the British embassy in Constantinople. Smith left Constantinople in 1801 and arrived in Engl...
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Cross-listed in Writers

Thomas Smith [1]

bornactivedied
unknown1600-1627unknown
an English soldier. Smith as he styles himself on the title-page of the first edition (4to, 1600) of ‘The Art of Gunnery: both pretie, pleasant and profitable for all such as are professors of the same facultie.’ In the dedication to Peregrine Bertie, he describes himself as ‘but one of the meanest soldiers in this garrison,’ though he claims to have...
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Cross-listed in Governance

John III Sobieski

aka: Jan, Jonas, Ioannes
borndied
1629, Aug 171696, Jun 17
from 1674 until his death King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Sobieski's military skill, demonstrated in wars against the Ottoman Empire, contributed to his prowess as King of Poland. Sobieski's 22-year reign marked a period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed ...
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Gilles de Souvre

aka: Souvré, Marquis de Courtanvaux, Baron de Lezines
borndied
1540 ca1626
marshal of France, belonged to an old family of the Perche. He accompanied the duke of Anjou to Poland in 1573, and was appointed master of the wardrobe and captain of Vincennes when Anjou became Henry III. He remained in favour, despite the opposition of the queen-mother, Catherine de' Medici, fought at Contras, defended Tours against the Leaguers, was name...
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Cross-listed in Explorers

John Hanning Speke

bornactivedied
1827, May 41844-18641864, Sep 15
an officer in the British Indian Army who made three exploratory expeditions to Africa and who is most associated with the search for the source of the Nile and was in fact the first European that reached Lake Victoria and as such is the "discoverer of the source of the Nile". He is also known for propounding the Hamitic hypothesis in 1863. In this hypothesi...
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Georg von Speyer

aka: Georg Hohermuth, Jorge de la Espira
borndied
15001540, Jun 11
a German conquistador in New Granada, now Venezuela and Colombia. Between 1535 and 1538 he searched in southwestern Venezuela and northern Colombia for “El Dorado,” in the company of Nikolaus Federmann and then with Philipp von Hutten. Against advice, ...
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Cross-listed in Governance

Ambrogio Spinola

aka: 1st Marquis of the Balbases, Grandee of Spain
borndied
15691630, Sep 25
a Genoese aristocrat, and Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece and of the Order of Santiago, who served as a Spanish general winning a number of important battles for the Spanish Crown. He is often called "Ambrosio" by Spanish speaking people and is considered one of the greatest military commanders of his time and in the history of the Spanish army.
Timeline (5)Links (1)


Cross-listed in Governance

Arthur St. Clair

borndied
1736, Mar 231818, Aug 31
a Scottish-American soldier and politician. Born in Thurso, Scotland, he served in the British Army during the French and Indian War before settling in Pennsylvania, where he held local office. During the American Revolutionary War, he rose to the rank of major general in the Continental Army, but lost his command after a controversial retreat from Fort Tico...
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Cross-listed in Explorers

Hans Staden

bornactivedied
1525 ca1547-15551579 ca
a German soldier and explorer who voyaged to South America in the middle of the sixteenth century, where he was captured by the Tupinambá people of Brazil. He managed to survive and return safe to Europe. In his widely read account describing his travel and captivity, he claimed that the native people that held him captive practiced cannibalism.
Links (1)


Cross-listed in ExplorersGovernance

Myles Standish

aka: Miles
bornactivedied
1584 ca1603-16561656, Oct 3
an English military officer hired by the Pilgrims as military adviser for Plymouth Colony. He accompanied the Pilgrims on their journey on the Mayflower and subsequently Standish played a leading role in the administration and defense of Plymouth Colony from its inception. On February 17, 1621, the Plymouth Colony militia elected him as its first commander a...
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Cross-listed in Governance

James Stanhope

aka: 1st Earl Stanhope
borndied
1673 ca1721, Feb 5
a British statesman and soldier who effectively served as Chief Minister between 1717 and 1721. He is probably best remembered for his service during the War of the Spanish Succession. He was also the first British Governor of Minorca, which he had captured from the Spanish, between 1708 and 1711.
Timeline (1)Links (1)


Cross-listed in Writers

John Gabriel Stedman

borndied
17441797, Mar 7
a British–Dutch colonial soldier, who wrote The Narrative of a Five Years Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam (1796). This narrative covers his years in Surinam as a soldier in the Dutch military deployed to assist local troops fighting against groups of escaped slaves. He first recorded his experiences in a personal diary that he lat...
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Cross-listed in Governance

Gustaf Otto Stenbock

borndied
1614, Sep 71685, Sep 24
a Swedish soldier and politician. He was son of Friherre Gustav Eriksson Stenbock (1575–1629) and Countess Beata Margareta Brahe (1583–1645), born in Torpa, Länghem parish, Tranemo Municipality, Västergötland, Sweden. He was appointed commanding officer of the Kronoberg Regiment in 1637, Major General in 1643, Privy Councilor in 1652, Field Marshal in...
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Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

aka: Baron von Steuben
borndied
1730, Sep 171794, Nov 28
a Prussian and American military officer. He served as inspector general and major general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He is credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental Army in teaching them the essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines. He wrote Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Tr...
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Phineas Stevens

bornactivedied
1706, Feb 201744-17561756, Apr 6
a distinguished officer noted for his defense of the Fort at Number 4 during a siege in April 1747, when a combined force of French and Indian soldiers failed to capture the fort and the 32 British soldiers defending it. Stevens was born in Sudbury, Massachusetts and was one of the fort's founders, serving as commander of the militia until 1750; he was also ...
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Cross-listed in Governance

John Hoskins Stone

borndied
1750 ca1804, Oct 5
an American planter, soldier, and politician from Charles County, Maryland. During the Revolutionary War he led the 1st Maryland Regiment of the Continental Army. After the war he served in the state legislature and was the seventh Governor from 1794 to 1797. In 1775, Stone joined the newly organized Maryland Battalion led by Colonel William Smallwood as a L...
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Cross-listed in Writers

Henry Butler Stoney

bornactivedied
18161850s1894
a British army officer; Major, 40th Regiment and writer.
Notes (1)


Cross-listed in Governance

Charles Edward Stuart

aka: The Young Pretender, The Young Chevalier, Bonnie Prince Charlie, Charles III
bornactivedied
1720, Dec 311743-17831788, Jan 31
the second Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland, France and Ireland from the death of his father in 1766. This claim was as the eldest son of James Francis Edward Stuart, himself the son of James VII and II. Charles is perhaps best known as the instigator of the unsuccessful Jacobite uprising of 1745, in which he led an insurrection to rest...
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Timeline (33)Links (16)


Cross-listed in Governance

Thomas Sumter

borndied
1734, Aug 141832, Jun 1
a soldier in the Colony of Virginia militia; a brigadier general in the South Carolina militia during the American War of Independence, a planter, and a politician. After the United States gained independence, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives and to the United States Senate, where he served from 1801 to 1810, when he retired. Sumt...
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Cross-listed in Clergy

Suzuki Shosan

borndied
1579, Feb 51655, Jul 28
a Japanese samurai who served under the Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Shosan was born in modern-day Aichi Prefecture of Japan. He participated in the Battle of Sekigahara and the Battle of Osaka before renouncing life as a warrior and becoming a Zen Buddhist monk in 1621.
Timeline (1)Links (1)


Cross-listed in Commerce

James Swan

borndied
17541830, Jul 31
a colorful personality based in Boston in the 18th and 19th centuries. He was a member of the Sons of Liberty and participated in the Boston Tea Party. Swan was twice wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill, he next became secretary of the Massachusetts Board of War and the legislature. During the time he held that office, he drew heavily on his private funds t...
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James Austin Sylvester

borndied
18071882, Apr 9
Hero and Flag Bearer of the Battle of San Jacinto, Capturer of "Napoleon of the West" Santa Anna. James Austin Sylvester was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1807. After reaching manhood he moved to Kentucky. Captain Sidney Sherman raised a company of volunteers to aid Texas in her struggle for independence. James A. Sylvester joined this company of volunteer...
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